Industrial Revolution
I observed the Industrial Revolution in our local context.
Industrial Revolution meant that with the introduction machinery that runs by power and its different uses, it made major changes in an economy at a rapid rate. There are currently a total of 4 industrial revolutions. First, the power of water and steam to mechanise production. Second, electric power replacing water and steam. Third, the introduction of electronics and information technology to automate production. Fourth and last which is happening now is the power of digital. One of the first to use modern production methods was the Textile industry where they produced yarn, cloth and clothing which is why we have many clothing choices to make and we can find it anywhere with sizes that fit and very less needed to go to tailor to mend or to fix as one can always get a new one.
Singapore is a first world country where we are constantly upgrading and improving ourselves, lives and our environments. Thus these are some local cultures – Delivering services (From basket to flyer and calling to ordering online), cabbing services (From hailing personally to online apps), ordering services (From ordering by talking to making orders through machines), Hawker Culture (From open area to hot but sheltered area to airconditioned), Shopping (Physical and Online), Using Wi-Fi everywhere, Public transport (From tricycle to bus, MRT and cars to automatic electric run bus, MRT and car), Cashless paying (From paying cash to card to mobile paying – example MRT and bus), Medical health care, Digital printing, Education (Having lessons in class and have lessons online), Books (Hardcopy and Soft copy), Charging (From batteries/fuel run to charging and wireless charging) AI robots that changes with Industrial Revolution.
As designers, our role in an Industry-sensitive culture is to be flexible, upskilled and updated to keep up with industrial revolution so that we can use it when designing and be with the “trend” but also to be able to keep it sustainable at the same time. Moreover, our role is also to design to make our lives easier and more comfortable.
From the image and compared to now, I can see that mass production and mass consumerism can change a spatial layout which causes spatial implications. Using the picture given, in the past, we can only watch shows on television or else life action and televisions are made to last thus it is expensive. Also, because televisions are expensive and the only place to watch shows on, thus families will gather and watch together. Their furniture will usually be spaced out so even if the chairs are all occupied, there are still spaces on the floor to sit on. As in the past, families of three generations usually live together, thus the house will be bigger and there will be lots of space compared to the houses now that are small as many families no longer live together in three generations. Although there are lots of space, there is only one television as it is expensive but now even my family owns at least two television. However due to smaller living spaces, from the two sofa, we used to have it now only one. My house sofa used to be the wooden chair and have the olden television and out of 10 years I’ve lived there, we did not have to change the sofa and television as it is very sturdy and hard. But as we moved to a new house, the orientation of the sofa slowly change from the side (ones are seen in the given picture) to facing the television, not only, every few years we have to change our television and sofas. In the past, advertisements and announcement are made on television but now that we have the technology and are in a digital world, we can access shows, advertisement and announcement on phones and computer anytime and anywhere. With these, we usually watch on our own instead of sitting down as a family and watch television together. Even if we decide to sit down as a family because of the smaller space, our families will have stacked chairs where we would take out on occasions for our guests to sit and watch television together.
Singaporeans of present times are used to wanting better quality, more aesthetics and more comfort, thus they will not spare a thought on throwing out old or used products for the newer and better ones. But take some examples are our phones and furniture. For phone, iPhone will be a good example as every year, a new iPhone will be released from iPhone to iPhone XL and even though people still had a working iPhone, they will still queue from the night before the release of a new iPhone just so they can get the new model and also to show off to their friends at the same time. This is the present time thing but, in the past, only families will have one telephone that is shared with all members. I remember how when I was young, I would sit next to the house telephone to call my friend’s house and ask if they were home so I could talk to them and then going to the library to find resources for my homework. As time passes by, we all start to have portable phones where we can call anytime and anywhere as long as we have signal, however, at that point of time we only had portable phones for messaging and calling. I also remembered how when I was younger, the first phone I had was a Nokia phone passed down by my parents to me. Now, my parents would buy me a brand-new iPhone instead and iPhone runs on digital so many things can work on iPhone like searching online, posting pictures online, talking to friends overseas and even control what is happening at home. For our furniture, now and then, it will spoil but in the past, it seldom spoil and people in the families are willing to fix the broken parts by hand and not buy a new one, but now either it spoils more easily and either we do not like how it feels anymore, do not lie the colours or even is tired of the furniture, we will tend to buy a new ones instead of even thinking of fixing them.
The industrial revolution may be good and improving our lives, but it also separates our family bonding time and cause lots of wastage
Arcade Galleries - Walter Benjamin
I observe the ‘Arcades Project’ in our local context. ‘Arcade’ symbolises a place where many different shops sell different things from one another ranging from eatery to clothing to almost anything and everything one needs. The earliest ‘Arcade’ shops are in a glass-roofed building with marble-panelled corridors are side by side one another and also facing another shop on the opposite. These ‘Arcade’ are also the beginning of the rise of industrial luxury. In Singapore, some local ‘Arcade’ examples are Pasar Malams, Bugis Junction, Marina Bay Sands and Resort World Sentosa. Bugis Junction, Marina Bay Sands and Resort World Sentosa The Forum are an example of industrial luxury while Pasar Malams are a temporary and cheap form of ‘Arcade’. Adaptation of Arcades in Singapore shopping experience for these places -
Pasar Malam means night market. In the past, there are stationary Pasar Malams everywhere however, in present days are held once a year in different areas of Singapore making it temporary and mobile. Adaptation of Arcade in Pasar Malam would be the line-up of the stores, the different variety of things sold and the curve roof. Pasar Malam in Singapore sells different things and it varies as on normal days it would be normal items but on festivals, it would be festive things. It is an open place where there is no aircon and its roof is not transparent like glass. Even if there is no aircon, the outside air can always flow in but if it is crowded then it will be very hot. And although it is not as transparent as glass, one can still judge if it is the daylight of night as some light can still pass through the roof and if it rains there will always be raindrop sound. This adaptation helps make Pasar Malam a more direct route where since Pasar Malams are always crowded, one can be separated easily from their friends and family but because it is a straight route one can walk straight to get out and get a breather and also, one can explore the street of stalls by just walking straight and if they need to buy just stop, buy, continue then move on to the next street. With this, they do not miss out any shops on the way and it is easier to find the stores that they are looking for. An additional add-on is that the food and items stalls are separated so one street would be filled with food while the other street would be items. The vibrant and smell gives the life of upbeat and buzzy feels with all the structure of the place. People that go to Pasar Malams are usually locals with their friend or family. It is because in present time people go for the memories they had when they are young with their family or for the food as one can say the hipster foods are at Pasar Malams now or for things that they need as Pasar Malams are cheaper than store-bought, have a variety of selections to choose from and some things can’t be found in stores near them.
Bugis Junction used to be 3 blocks of shophouses from 3 different street Malay Street, Bugis Street and Hylam Street. It was turned into the first glass-covered galleria shopping mall which resembles the Arcade glass roof and also the fact that the shops are facing one another, however, the difference would be it is multi-storey, air-conditioned and there are rickshaw shops in the middle of the ‘road’. Adaptation of Arcades in Bugis Junction makes the shopping experience easier where one can easily find the shop and also take note of weather and day. Bugis Junction sells things ranging from food to clothing to services. It is very easy to differentiate the streets as there is a sign and it is a straight path. Not only, but it is also very spacious that even a rickshaw can be placed in the middle as a shop. These rickshaws are a part of the olden Singapore culture and many of the things sold on it are accessories and kid’s clothes. Not forgetting that this ‘Aracde’ actually connects with a few other malls and on the second floor of the shophouses are the clothing shops and third floor are the food court and restaurants. It is bright in the morning and afternoon because of the sun but since it is indoor and air-conditioned, one does not have to worry about the heat and since it is so spacious the aircon is not very cold but at an ok range. Not only, but light also is not needed in the morning or the afternoon as there is already natural lighting from the sun. It is less crowded in the day compared to the night. The shophouses are not close and with glass ceiling inspired by the Paris Arcades, the place with high ceiling looks more open, bright and spacious. Not to mention, the air feels lighter than in the malls. It gives the vibe of slower pacing of life with all the shophouses around in the Arcade. Bugis Junction is a place where locals and tourist shop as it is a shopping district and sold at an affordable price range. Bugis Junction is a familiar place for the majority of Singaporeans as this is usually a place for hangouts with friends and for tourist, the shophouses in a mall would be a different experience and the first, they have seen.
Marina Bay Sands located at reclaim land Singapore, Marina Bay is a shopping mall place for tourist with an artificial river that has service for taking a boat. Similar to Bugis Junction, Adaptation of Arcade in Marina Bay Sands would be its glass roof and the shop on the opposite but with a much better facility compared to Bugis Junction. Compared to other malls, Marina Bay Sands is not as bustling, and it is very spacious. Although it is not as bustling, it still has many shoppers. The glass roof gives the light in the day making it seems so spacious and fresh when night falls, lights in Marina Bay Sands are turned on but one can still see the night sky. Because of the big and open glass roof, it makes Marina seems very modern, high end and timeless. It gives the whole building the aesthetics which attracts people to shop there or to even go and visit it by simply walking around. Even though the shops are facing each other but they could not direct walk over, this is so people can shop longer and stay in Marina Bay Sands. The hollow corridors in the multi-storey building allow people to look up, down and other places so it does not limit to just a level it expands the horizon to look across and around. Many of its structure is made with a beam so that it can look more open to give the space and look around like in Arcade. It gives the vibe of high end, calm and aesthetics. Marina Bay Sands is a higher-end place where tourist shop as there are many branded shops and famous Michelin Star restaurants there. They go there for the experience, the service, the feels and the photographs.
Resort World Sentosa The Forum (is more like I chose this because it resembles Bugis Street but instead of different things it is different food outlets and restaurants) is a In a way similar to both Bugis Junction and Pasar Malam, Adaptation of Arcade in Resort World Sentosa The Forum is that it is roofed (like Pasar Malam), shops facing opposite of each other, a house-like structure in the building (like Bugis Junction). Although it is not a place where one can find all the things, they need but they can find all the food they want to eat as there is a very big variety of food selection available. Although the roof is not glass light can still pass through. It is not air-conditioned, so air can flow in and when it rains, can hear the rain dropping sound and when night falls, the place will dim down instead of being so bright. The corridor is very wide and open with seats around. It makes it feel so free and happy where one can feel like they would run about the place that’s why so many teenagers go there because they can also sit on the floor with their big group of friends and talk. The Forum is not very crowded and human traffic is quite smooth. At times, there will be events at the Forum like more temporary event food tenants and even performances. It gives the vibe of happiness and gathering. Resort World Sentosa The Forum is a place where tourist and teenagers go. People usually go there to grab a bite, go to the casino (for the tourist) or rest there and talk to friends and family.
Scandinavian Design
‘Scandinavian Design’ in our local context is Ikea as Ikea originated from Sweden and many of its furniture is based on Scandinavian designs, interior designing which makes the interior spaces to feel like one is in Scandinavia, to have simple, bright and minimalist design and to be sustainable and lastly the furniture made which are inspired by Scandinavian design.
Some examples of local interior/furniture design with regards to our surroundings and culture will be
INTERIOR - the interior of Jewel taking on the green in our surroundings to promote greenery in Singapore, the interior of Bugis Junction taking on the shophouses to promote culture, the interior of Bedok library which also promotes greenery.
FURNITURE - foldable chairs and table so it can be kept, stackable chairs which are usually red or white which Singapore’s flag is red and white or it white are usually used in funerals and red for celebrations or events, rattan chairs/furniture, stadium chairs that are red and white, “umbrella” stations – pavilion-like ones you see in the park and similarly like bus stops too so people could take shelter from rain or sun when the place they are at is open.
The adaptation of local climate with our design identity past vs present.
In the past, many furniture was made with metal, wood, rattan and cloth and interior spaces are bigger. They are usually made to last and are usually bigger as there are a lot of land and spaces that could be used. People in the past also treasure their furniture as they will not just throw away and replace with a new one, they will fix it or turn it into something else which still make the furniture useable. Also, the weather was not as warm thus people like to be outside in the past, playing sports and all outside thus many benches are around so people could rest when they are tired, or parents could sit together and talk while watching out for their children when they are playing. Furniture like sofa and cabinets are different as the sofa used to been all wood, big and hard, paired up with cushions of the sofa which can be washed, and sheets can be changed, then cabinets are not very tall with either glass sliding doors or air vents installed. Lastly, tables and chairs are foldable so when there are guests, it can be taken out to use. As for the interior, it used to be a granite floor with textile walls to make the interior cooler. Thus, we used to be simple and prefers things that last longer and fixable.
Now, the present days, furniture is still made with wood but using plastic and polyethene as plastic does not degrade and can be used for years unless the shape of the item is broken or has holes then it would be thrown away and replace with a new one. In present days, people like to buy new things, always looking out for new and improved furniture and throwing away old ones even though they still can be used. For example, compared to the past, there is more design of sofas and in variety of colours and materials, however, they may not be made to last as companies would want customers to keep coming. Every few years, people would buy new sofas and other furniture.
Because Singapore has a limited amount of space, furniture must be made to be functional and up to date. Even interiors now are tiled or timber flooring is that it is easier to clean, and it looks good while the walls are painted so that there are different colours to choose from or they can paste on wallpapers. Since it is having a limited amount of space, apartments are made smaller and interior are thus smaller. With smaller spaces and demands to be up to trend in term of aesthetics, furniture had to be functional and have aesthetics to live up to people’s expectations. For example, inside Jewel, there is a huge waterfall and many plants to show that Singapore is clean and green. Now that the climate has changed, it is getting hotter, thus more shelters are built and there are more seats around but they can be on the steps so It can be functional while one can also enjoy the scenery. There are many traffic lights around Singapore as there are more and more roads built, where traffic in Singapore is good as one has lesser fear when crossing the road as the majority of the citizens obey the traffic rules be it, pedestrians or drivers. You can also find traffic lights everywhere you go for the safety of others and do not have to Jwalk or walk for a long distance just to find a traffic light to cross. HDB is getting higher but getting small as the limited amount of spaces and more people enjoy living higher. Lastly, gardens by the bay as an attraction to give more greens and clean to Singapore but also to make Singapore prettier and look at a variety of plants and flowers. Besides, Singapore is known for its aircon and shelter as one can find aircon and shelter almost anywhere they go.
But similarly, from past to present, we still use things such as pails and baskets, wood carpentered furniture and cabinetry and have an interior which is made to be cooling as Singapore is hot all year round.
Hyper Retail
I observed Hyper-Consumerists in our local context.
Local ‘Hyper-Consumerist’ examples with regards to our culture will be buying many can and packaged food and stock up at home, queuing for long a night just to buy many concert tickets, buying many trending things – E.g. Hipster Food, Slime, Clothing, Stationery, Make-up, Toys and examples from my own experience will be buying many wires, buying many books and keychains. Some other hyper-consumerism will buy soap every month which meaning buying the entire bottle when one can get the refillable soap instead of needing the bottle too, which is the same as a pen.
There are 2 types of designers in this case. The first type in a hyperconsumerist society is ones that create and sell more eye-catching, popular, aesthetic and affordable to expensive things or food to consumers so that they will keep on buying more, collecting more and sharing it with others. The second type of designer are the ones that create things that are useful, biodegradable / environmentally friendly, functional and affordable to cheap things so that there will be no waste, everyone can have it thus becoming a norm and people will more likely purchase lesser. As such, the first type is the one who creates both things and posters to sell and promote while the second type is the one who creates to reduce the hyper-consumerism.
We can ethically design a space/mindset that discourages such behaviour. Some design spaces we can create are the refill area where consumers bring their own bag/bottle and can buy refillable for the things they need which they have finished using or eating, and another space would be dividing things to section, those that are [needs, functional and useful] and [for collection, wants, aesthetics only, non-functional and trending]. For clothing, some is already a reality which is an online space where many clothes are available to choose in the app and consumers can pay monthly fee to the clothing store in the app, then every day after, they can choose the clothes available and display in the app, get it delivered to them and wear it then return to the clothing store. In this case, many people get to wear the clothes and do not have to buy it which usually people only buy just to wear it once or twice and never be worn again thus this can be a way to discourage hyper-consumerism.
To discourage hyper-consumerism mindset, we as a designer can do is to create poster to share how one person can own as many as 10 of the same thing, how much waste / thrown away will be collected from each item when the trend dies down / when not in use / wear out easily when not in use, how we can appreciate things without needing it and thinking long term if they will ever use it in the future. Another mindset would be, create challenges like 30 days without buying consumer purchase, 60 days without buying trending clothes (only needed clothes) and 30 days without a plastic bag or plastic straw.
My observation of Hyper-consumerism in Singapore is usually because of the trend (because everyone is getting it), sales (cheaper), wants (acquire to keep for own sake, for oneself only, no sharing), showing off to friend and collection (collating the same item to put for display) / earning money from it (getting profits out of it). This makes one think that spending will make one happier, but it is only a moment of happiness.
Trending things like slime and loop bands are some Hyper-consumerism in Singapore for the teenagers and some adults where they would either buy or make their slime and loop bands to play and sometimes if it is good enough turning into a business like HaoSlime where TheJianHaoTan sells their brand of slimes to consumers and they would usually buy a lot because these are some of the stuff that is cheaper and more affordable among the non-working adults and teenagers and making loop band into accessories, selling to other consumers. However, these items are not forever, trends like loop bands are already out and from what I see from my friends they still have their left-over loop bands and do not what to do with it and regrets buying so many of it in the past. While slime is still currently in trend, but slime is only for the sake of playing, pressing and listening to the crunch it makes, but after a few times of playing it become hard and is to be thrown away which is very wasteful.
Sales, a big red sign screaming sales, is a factor to Hyper-consumerism. Sales are seen almost everywhere in Singapore and sales means like 20-50% cheaper items or items going off in sets, twos, threes and bulk at a cheaper price. When people see the sales, they tend to get more of what they need and wants, and they will also keep going back for more if the sale did not end.
Wants is another factor to Hyper-consumerism. In Singapore, the majority of people is not a fan of sharing, they prefer to have their own so they can keep it for their own sake. When Singaporeans wants it, regardless of the cost they will buy it and get it. Showing off to friend is one of the many factors to wants where they want to let their friends see that they have it, they can afford it and they are in trend. The collection is the other factor to want where they want to have a whole collection of that item just to showcase or even collecting so that many in the future, there might be a good chance that it will sell at a high price.
Getting profits out of selling trending stuff/tickets also causes hyperconsumerism. For example, the ED Sheeran ticket in 2018 where people bought so many tickets just resell it and the McDonalds Hello Kitty plushie where people bought many meals to get many of the Hello Kitty plushie to resell and throwing the food away instead of giving to others. People like these usually go for the free stuff which is limited or comes when buying items then reselling to others and throwing away the item one bought with the money because they know that selling the limited free stuff earn more than what they paid for. One last incident will be buying many limited merchants from popular YouTubers or people and then reselling it to others at twice the amount.
Hyper-consumerism is everywhere in Singapore, but people just never notice it because it has already become a norm. We should try to restrict ourselves to buying only useful and functional things in the amount we need instead of buying so many and using it for a few times and never using it ever again. We can also rent it since technology is so good now we can surely get it or one can try to borrow from a friend or family.
Wabi-Sabi + Minimalism
Amethyst (cluster) is a type of quartz that majority is violet in colour. Amethyst can be found in volcanic rock. It has many meanings like the crystals meant luxury, holding back the intoxication of whoever that wears the crystal Jewellery – cleansing the mind and negative thinking, the entire rock can boost prosperity flow.
It is ugly on the outside, but it is beautiful on the inside because it is crystal. On the outside, it looks just like a normal rock that could be neglected and people will never know the crystals in it unless it is halved. Although ugly, but people still throw money and their wishes into it because they all have established the beliefs that this Amethyst gives fortunes and will fulfil their wishes.
Also, it is all-natural whereby nature made it this way that the outside is ugly but the rock on the outside is smooth while on the inside it is valuable crystal with hexagonal shapes but very sharp and must be taken with care so it will be at its original and the person holding will not injure themselves by accident. Not only, but the colour difference on the outside and inside and also when light shines are also very different. On the outside, it is very dull but, on the inside, it is filled with different shades of purple and white and when the light shines the crystals shines too and at times one can see it twinkle. To say, the stone is shaped to so ugly that it allows the crystals to stand out and be beautiful catching all attention on the crystals instead of the ugly overall.
Wabi-Sabi is featured in the work. It is featured through a material (Scrap Metal Drypoints), form (Shapes), space (Being Apart), shadow (Displayed differently during each time of the day) and time. Using Scrap Metal Drypoints made up from salvaged waste aluminium and zinc to create a geometric form, which in this case circle is the main shape. Waste aluminium and zinc used were ones that have been through wear and tear and chemical reactions, this means that it has lasted over time or is through natural where a human cannot control, and it is combined with many small metals to make a big Scrap Metal Drypoints. The geometric forms chosen was a circle, which Michael Heizer either cut, rotate or added volume to it becoming a cylinder, half or an eighth but all adding up to the same amount of surface area thus this equals that. All 7 of them being apart and rotated at a different angle so when the sun shines, it cast a shadow, and at different point of the day, the shadow rotates of the angle of the sun in the sky giving a different experience to different people when they walk past these sculptures. Thus, this Wabi-Sabi featured is the different experience given and its natural material used which will be affected as time passed.
The Story of Stuff
Design is wasteful as more and more new trends requiring more materials are always coming and even more old are discarded even though it is still useful, however, it is non-wasteful because many things created are recyclable, useful, long term, limited to as little material used (reduce) and reused. E.g. Paper water bottle – nontoxic, sustainable, aesthetic, biodegrade.
We can reuse and re-design things. Example milk cans to flowerpots, crates into bed, pop-up store, book storage and reuse plastic for an artwork. Reused and re-design things can be sold again as long as it is useful, useable and durable.
Art Science Museum
1st Work – Solar Sustainability
Spatial experiences the artist created in your personal experience is that it is fun, meaningful, curious and enclosed. Fun because I get to cut up plastic and paste it together and connect with other plastic and create a structure, meaningful because those plastic is being reused to become an artefact, curious because there are many different types of plastic bag in different colour too and it is a structure that is open and then rises thus makes me curious to go in to take a look and see what is up there, lastly enclosed because it only has 1 way in and same way out and it is a big opening then slowly becomes smaller inside.
Projects placed in Solar Sustainability are “BUILD YOUR OWN MUSEO AERO SOLAR”, “TOMAS SARACENO – AEROCENE EXPLORER” and “AEROSTAT”. The work is about how one can make these lightweight inflatable structures (which some are made from recycled/used plastic bags) that are powered by the sun, which is a natural, non-wasteful and environmentally friendly instead of fossil fuel to provide transportation and energy at the same time to restore thermodynamics of earth. “BUILD YOUR OWN MUSEO AERO SOLAR” meant using many recycled plastic bags, everyone work together and to build a structure which meant not wasting it and make it into a lightweight balloon that is also solar sculpture. “TOMAS SARACENO – AEROCENE EXPLORER” meant using full black or partial black lightweight material that gather the sun heat inside the balloon to expand and allow the balloon to float around the earth instead of using fire. “AEROSTAT” now actually meant a white lightweight aeroplane shaped structure that floats using power powered by the sun to float on air and are used to detect sky and sea for threats but in the past, it is a balloon that has taken off but landed and is still inflated and after polish treatment, it was left to dry but when in contact with sun’s heat, it expanded the air in the balloon n lifted the balloon which becomes an unintentional solar-powered balloon. There are not many similar moments in Singapore, but some similar things are giant advertising balloon, solar-powered Gardens by the Bay etc. They are things that use space from above but also uses a lot of space to gather that bit of energy, however, it is very meaningful as it uses space we don’t normally use and does not consume any fuels but gathers heat from the sun to generate energy.
2nd Work – Vertical Exploration
Spatial experiences the artist created in your personal experience is very spacious, far, bright, heavy and enclosed. Spacious because the space is very big and there isn’t a lot of things inside the space and also is it hanged, far because the lines on the floor and structure hanging makes it look far and especially when I enter the black space at the back the space suddenly becomes even further, bright because majority of the things inside are white or light in colour and the walls are also white, heavy because when I step into the black space at the back from a bright and white space stepping into a dark space makes me feel like I step into a black hole and make me feel very heavy from the space I stood that is small to see things that are huge, big and bright making me feel like things are weighing on me, enclosed as there’s only one way in and the same way out.
Some Projects placed in Vertical Exploration are “JACOB KAISER – LATEST INVENTION TO DIRECT A BALLOON BY EAGLES”, “GASPARD-ETIENNE ROBERT – MINERVA”, “HENRI GIFFARD’S CAPTIVE BALLOON HOVERS OVER PARIS AT THE 1978 PARIS WORLD’S FAIR”, “FLOATING LABORATORY” and “FRANCO MAZZUCCHELLI – A. to A. (Elica)”. The work is about how we can view things from above and be able to also explore, check and look at what is in the sky. This way, we can know more things and understand things better such as weather conditions and geographical things. Because of this, we can enter a different space and also strive to aim even further until out of earth space to see how vertically upwards we can go. “JACOB KAISER – LATEST INVENTION TO DIRECT A BALLOON BY EAGLES” meant in the olden days there’s no controller so they thought if they could use eagles to guide them to move around through the air as wind current and weather pattern is hard to tell in the past but the Eagles were not as easy to control either. “GASPARD-ETIENNE ROBERT – MINERVA” is a thought, a prototype by Robert to have a laboratory floating in the sky and in the form of an airship which can hold up to 50 people for months and in the laboratory they will be living there and doing experiments, researching and activities to see if they can survive in the air, to experience living in the air which in today’s world is the International Space Station. “HENRI GIFFARD’S CAPTIVE BALLOON HOVERS OVER PARIS AT THE 1978 PARIS WORLD’S FAIR” is just ones that we see today that people take the hot air balloon up to the sky to have a view of what is below and seeing things from above instead of looking up, they are looking down. “FLOATING LABORATORY” is similar to Minerva but in this case, it is an open concept to research the sky instead of living there, it is so people could stay up there to gather information needed for report and experimenting. Lastly, “FRANCO MAZZUCCHELLI – A. to A. (Elica)” is the project displayed in Art Science Museum. The project shows about the verticality in an organic form where we see things differently when we look in the sky where the spiral upwards meant how we slowly move upward but fail sometimes to move even forwards to reach the goal of being able to explore earth vertically upwards into the sky and space. In term of space, this shows how humans have always tried to look vertically upwards to explore and take space above our heads and earth just so we can have more space to use and live in instead of just the surface of earth ground, we can find ways to live in the sky. There are not many similar moments in Singapore, but some similar things are Gardens by the Bay – Cloud Forest, Marina Bay Sands SkyPark, Gardens by the Bay – Supertree Grove walkway and Singapore Flyer where we get to see things from above but at the same time doing other things. Although it is still held on the ground, we still can be on top in the higher ground where we see things from above and also check out the top.
3rd Work – Display and Disrupt
Spatial experiences the artist created in your personal experience is cute and fun from outside but as I step into it feels very confined, tight, small and scary. From outside, when looking at the bunny, I felt like hugging it because it looks very cute and thought I could play with it but as I step into the space, there is restrictions, not allowed to touch the bunny, not allow to step across the line which restricts the space I can move around in which is very small considering the fact the bunny is very huge, it is very hard to look at and taking up most of the spaces in the room thus confined, tight and small but scary because since the bunny is big, it makes me feel small and as if the bunny is looking down on me and smiling and I when I walk around I can feel its staring presence and I know that I have to walk across it to go to the next room.
Projects placed in Display and Disrupt are “MOMOYO TORIMITSU – SOMEHOW, I DON’T FEEL COMFORTABLE”, “PARADES AND NATIONAL EDUCATION”, “ARTUR VAN BALEN – INFLATABLE SPECTACLES IN THE SOVIET UNION AND THE UNITED STATES 1927 – 1938”, “MACY’S THANKSGIVING DAY PARADE”, “CATERPILLAR” and “DAWN NG – WALTER”. The work is about inflatable is being used in public and in events which these inflatables are in a cute shape but very huge showing how from afar it seems fun like a playground but however, it is so huge it occupies a lot of space which disrupts the cut line between public and private space. Since it is so huge, it can be seen from afar and up close, so it is usually used to send message to people that’s why it is used as tools for propaganda or display for events to attract peoples’ attention. “MOMOYO TORIMITSU – SOMEHOW, I DON’T FEEL COMFORTABLE” is the project displayed in Art Science Museum. The project is trying to show how even though the inflatables are cute but in such a small room and how huge it is, it takes up a lot of space and both in the air and on the ground, making the room look smaller than it should be and it huge shape make it scary when in a small space and the only space people stand in and it's looking at them, depicting how big things in small space doesn’t necessary means good and people felt when living in a small space with so many things in the room. “PARADES AND NATIONAL EDUCATION” is a depiction of how people use inflatables in parades to show how people come together to show these inflatable to others watching and them marching together to put on a show.
“ARTUR VAN BALEN – INFLATABLE SPECTACLES IN THE SOVIET UNION AND THE UNITED STATES 1927 – 1938” is a project that shows how they use inflatable to celebrate, give ideas to people and especially for business, it tells people about them and attract people to them and shop and buy things from them. “MACY’S THANKSGIVING DAY PARADE” is one of the biggest inflatable parades where even Disney joined to share the joy of Thanksgiving just by walking together and putting on a show for others to watch and cheer. “CATERPILLAR” is a project used as a warning to people to not join Nazism. Lastly, “DAWN NG – WALTER” is another project displayed in the Art Science Museum. The project meant to make ordinary space into something different where one will view the space as a child instead of the normal space they always see, to view the space differently. It is placed in a different location so people can view it from different aspect and different point of view where we feel like a child all over again but in a different location every time. In term of space and structure, these huge inflatable can take up so much of our space without us realise as we will find it cute but not realising it until we experience it from close up, they also are a form of communication which can be used in many ways be it in celebration, getting business or giving warning to people. They can also be used to divide spaces or events in a large space, or they can be a distraction to us and taking up spaces which are not supposed or not normally taken up. There are similar moments in Singapore, some similar things are Chingay Parade, Children party Events, water parks, carnival and National Day Parade etc. Where they bring out many big inflatables including some that are worn, some floating in the sky held by many people or car holding it and some are on wheels which people can stand on also. At children party events, water parks and carnival it would be all the bouncy castle, bounce slide and obstacle course.
Eco Design
The Karung Guni Man will push a Karung Guni cart, honk a horn to inform people, collect unwanted goods from household to household. Unwanted goods such as newspaper, magazine, clothes and electronics. They get the unwanted goods, but they had to pay for it but at a small price. After that, they will put on their lorry and send to be resold in the flea market, online or a waste recycling company.
Jackie Tan, a designer, that is the founder of Triple Eye Lid (a company that uses upcycled materials to make custom furniture), collects unwanted goods, reclaimed pallets wood and timber (mostly pallets) that can be reused to make into something else that can be used. Some things made are a temporary booth which at the end can be reused again to make into other things like furniture, stationery holder, musical instrument etc. Jackie Company also opens workshops for people to join and teach them how to use these upcycled items to make into something else that they need, and it is customised as it is made by them and not the same as others.
Thus, Karung Guni Man buys and sells unwanted goods while Jackie collects upcycled goods and pallets and make it into something useful to give a “second life” to the items. Jackie also opens workshops to teach others how to use these items to make into something else.
Jackie Tan applied Cradle to Cradle Design initiative. Cradle to Cradle Design meant turning an unwanted material or product that can be recycled into something new so that there is no waste. The Karung Guni Man only buys and sells the unwanted items in the same condition to someone else which meant it is the same item but to a different user at a cheaper price while Jackie collects the items that have no other uses or not wanted by anyone else and make it into something else that has a new function and wanted by others.
Our ethical role as designers for both our local context and the global consequences is very important. As designers, if newer and more improved long-lasting or temporary things we create means more waste will create especially those things that are made from plastic and collectable as plastic can’t be degradable and collectable are meant to be kept and non-functional. For example, plastic bottles, it is usually used once and thrown away afterwards which harms the environment.
But if as a designer, we create recyclable things, can be reused again and again then it will be different. Some examples are bubble tea holder made from cloth, fabric or paper cardboard, metal straw etc. When people use these, this means that plastic is being cut down and these items can be reused for a very long time.
So, when we design, we need to think about if it could be recycled or reused so nothing will be wasted, or we could take items that can be recycled to make into something new that others will use or buy. We have to think if others buy the product will they use again and again or will they use once and throw away as if one person can throw away that much, the whole country of people throwing things away will be more and it affects the global state.
As a designer, we can also think of designs that teach others how to recycle or make items that can be used as another function. We can design items that are used before into something else and sell it to the world instead of designing things that can be made from original material and materials that are raw.
DUBAI LUXURY MEGA MALL (World's Largest Shopping Mall)
With the Dubai Mega Mall's tagline is "Everything You Desire", I do agree with Walter Benjamin's notion of the creation of temples of desire in this example. With majority of the things in a place, everything people ever wanted being put into 1 particular place and making the flow of movement to be in circular motion to people won't miss out and also keep them in that space makes them want to stay more, to see and then to spend thus creating more desire to shop to spend more time in such a space. Even if people were to come for the entertainment only, but the more they see the more they desire, not only, now that they have seen some, they know that the things are going to be where they are going to come back. The Megamall being so huge will quite be impossible to finishing exploring in a day and also to experience it all in that day thus people will desire to come back to fully experience the whole mall knowing that they have to.
As designers, our role in a hyper-retail society is to create a space, a structure, entertainment and a feeling that will attract people to constantly come back to those places to visit again and again, to shop more and more each time and to spend more time in that place. We create spaces that are huge so that there will be more people, so more retail shops can come in and attract customers, structure that will be permanent to be part of a symbol of the mall so people can take picture and share with their friends and family, and entertainment, where it will be different every day for different people and people that revisit, will see something different and a feeling that will enact within shoppers to be back only because that’s the only place that will give them such a feeling. We design to attract and also it is very important as designers need to know how to keep the structures of the building up so it will no collapse and will hold to gain trust from people. Structures that are supposed to be flawless and beautiful to the eyes of others like the aquarium in the video where it is supposed to be many blocks of acrylic but is made until it seemed like a block which gives the feeling of one looking at a super big fish tank.
Designers are in a way to blame for contributing to this hyper-consumerist attitude. Because of the way we arrange things and create to look good, people come back for more and gets more attracted to buying. We arrange things in ways that we making people walk round and round again and in ways where we anticipate when they will want food, clothes and other things as such. We in a way encouraged them to shop more and this means spending more on things that they do not need but want instead.
My observations & critique of the consumerist experience shown in this documentary is that people are being wowed in the documentary about the vast number of things that they are seeing, feeling and touching. Many are there with their friends and family as they bond together while they are there. They are talking, looking and shopping as such but getting the feeling that they will walk through the mall but because of the many things they are unable to finish within that day, most probably half the mall if they were there the entire day. They just go there to shop as they see things that attract them and buy and eat what smells and looks good and going to attractions within the place to enjoy what is being shown to them. The consumerist is being led to go round and round the mall so that they could stay in there for even longer than they would expect but at the same time being able to see all the shops available as they walk past one every time thus this way, they will not get lost in the mall too where they can always go back to the shop they previously eyed on to shop at.
No Logo (Naomi Klein)
If I am the junior creative designer in the team, I would represent realism/reality by creating exhibitions to the reality of how things are behind the scene where our eyes can’t see. In the exhibition, there could be pictures of the third world people/children working to find things like lead that will cost their health if long term, or making shoes for a very less pay which can be around 0.10 Singapore Dollar or making the space feel like how the people in the picture feel and have some equipment that they used. Another way of representing is by media where I share pictures, videos, documentaries and stories to others to know, for example how hotdogs are made, how Nike shoes are made and its actual cost for making and materials vs it selling cost, how iPhones are made.
Above are pictures of children mining cobalt to make the smartphones and cartoon that show how the worker feels when they work for Nike.
My expectations of a good brand are that the logo can the identity of the company, to be unique, simple, memorable and easy to remember. It must also give the give other the idea of their products or services qualities and benefits. The brand must contribute back to society, the brand must have values, the brand must know whom to target, know how to advertise, have consistency, the brand must have promises and their purpose.
1 example of a good brand to me would be MacDonald’s. MacDonald’s is a very famous and high profiting fast-food chain which majority of the people in the world would know. Their logo is a very simple M and very easy and memorable for people to know. In every count, every few months they would release new food items. They have permanent food items and they usually advertise their time-limited food items. Some of their time-limited food would be back the next year or so but some will not and this is how they get the people to be hyped up to try new food items or be back for the food they once had but is limited to earn money from people. They have food items for vegetarians, for people that eat Halal food, for kids, for teenagers and many more. They appeal to everyone of age to try their food. For example, for the kids, there’s Happy Meal and for the Vegetarian there’s the Vege Burger. MacDonald’s make their food fast that’s why named fast-food chain, have a low price for the meals so it is affordable, expanding their brand worldwide, always consistent and giving back to society. MacDonald’s value is being a responsible leader by trying to reducing waste impact and in do better in their industry, is being inclusive so every of different age, race, gender, nationality can be part of them, being progressive like always having new products, always innovating, being Local integration where for example in Singapore they came up with Nasi Lemak burger and Ha Chiong Kai chicken food items. MacDonald’s might be a fast-food chain, but they still try to make things a little healthier like telling people which the healthier option is and choosing water over sweet drinks as such. MacDonald’s is 1 fast-food chain that gives back to the society as they have this house called Ronald McDonald House where they provide a comfortable place to stay near the hospital for families with children who travel far for medical care. They also help families with sick children with their care and resources they need.
FunPalace Cybernetics
3 main points of Cedric Price’s Fun Palace design intentions. Firstly, to make a machine and use the new technology correctly to control the environment within the space and be flexible so different things can happen at the same time at a different place or vice versa. Eg. Restaurant in the morning and theatre at night or a field in the morning and a cinema at night. Secondly, a not intimidating building that is open to creating a sense of curiosity in people, being able to interact with space and leisure with relaxation. Like open windows/glass to see through what is inside and frame structures of the entire building. Thirdly, having all the permanent items moved to the sides and having space in the middle of the buildings so that it can be moved and change with no obstructions. Stairs, pipes and frames structures are permanent while furniture, partition walls and paths can be moved and changed etc.
A design like The Fun Palace can contribute to immediate surroundings and the creative society byways like our open fields, our stages/theatres, our void decks, community centres and shopping malls etc. It contributes by giving more opportunity to space, more events can happen in that space, it is not permanent and can be changed, helps to divide the space properly and it created the feeling of fun and mystery when people enter that space as it is ever-changing and different.
For example, in the morning or normal days, our fields can be used for sports while for special days, it can be used as screening of theatres, events and performances.
At Expo, from car fair to conference to food fair.
Our classrooms in Design School Singapore Polytechnic is also similar whereby walls can be opened for a bigger space or closed so more rooms for different classes.
I agree with the notion of Cybernetics. It is because with the advancement of technology now it is even more possible for Cybernetics. It is advantageous and can help with the future like not needing to build many buildings because resources will be depleting, many events and activities can take place as such. Cybernetics helps help make space for more to come and it gives people the control to make a difference to space within the building as well as being able to fulfil to different wants and needs for many different people, things and events. With the advance of machinery, artificial intelligence and technology, it makes it easier and convenient to build somethings like Cedric Price’s Fun Palace and I believe it will be even better, advanced and futurist compared to the Fun Palace.
Singapore Songlines
1st Project is Nakagin Capsule Tower, Kisho Kurokawa, 1972. Design intent of the architects is to house people that were travelling alone like businessman as such, issues that they were addressing were being sustainable and recyclable in Architecture (to change away each room – each capsule into a new one if ‘spoiled’ or if there are any changes) and being able to manipulate the interior through moving, connecting and rotating. It is because people now like a different environment and only need a place for resting and working then moving to the next location thus creating these capsules to house them for a while and getting a different view and space every time.
2nd Project is Gardens by the Bay. The first design intent of the architects is to use the reclaimed land of Singapore to build this artificial “floating on sea” Garden (but with real plants) for tourists and locals for a different leisure destination. The second design intent is being able to collect the rainwater with water technologies integrated to cool the area and collect sunlight to power the lights for the night. The third design intent is to have people to learn about the plants shown there as education. Issues that they were addressing were being sustainable, educated, having these new innovative environmental technologies to run Gardens by the Bay and being able to bring life to the Garden itself.
I can most identify about Singapore’s design culture is that in the present and past is different. In the past, architect and designer design to community housing and feed the growing population. However, in the present days, it is designed to have multipurpose uses, for convenience, for innovative technologies, for aesthetics and the comfort of people (weather).
In the past, high rise buildings were implemented in Singapore, so more people could have a house to stay in. The buildings were majority long with long corridors which means people could see into the house if they were to walk past it. However, homes were big and spacious, and the playground is downstairs our homes for kids to play. Hawker centre and markets were built so people could buy things near their houses.
Present days designs now are meant to innovate. Meaning to have shopping malls downstairs, residential in the middle and maybe the sports, pool and playground facilities to be at the roof. Transports are very near to our homes with just walking distance, shelters are being built everywhere for sun or rain. More safety precautions were taken like installing CCTVs around. Buildings are being built even higher than before and technologies are being implemented. Trying to be more of a green city and aesthetics, so plants are common to see everywhere in Singapore.
Retail spaces can be further integrated with these transformations through placing in strategic places like now having residential on top while commercial at the bottom. It is possible to place retail spaces in the sky or the middle of the building. It is also possible to have moved, rotating and exchanging retail spaces that can be switched with others to make it more creative and the sense of adventure to find it. However, placing too many will not benefit both user and occupant as lesser customers due to more stores and people will lose the interest of visiting since there’s everything but also nothing.
Haptic Tactile
I sense my body located in space by my 5 senses – See, Touch, Taste, Smell and Hear which all also link to using our brains. Whatever we think to contribute to locating and linking our different sensing and feelings in the space. When we enter a space, we will usually sense with our seeing, smelling and hearing first. These then proceed to touch and taste. We then know we have entered a different space from the previous can our senses change maybe to a different smell or seeing a different view or hearing different music as such.
I relate my body to the space that it occupies and space it inhabits through being in the moment. Being in the moment we will always sub-consciously use our senses because it is what we are used to. We then link the senses back to our brain to let ourselves know that our body is in that particular space, it is occupying it, inhabiting it. When we breathe, we use our smelling senses, when we eat, we use our tasting senses, we open our eyes we see. But when different senses are linked together, it can make it seem like we are using our 5 senses at once. For example, on the computer, there is a burger, because one has tasted a burger in real, when we see it we can imagine it can make it seem like we can taste it and smell it.
Hearing and Seeing are engaged with my experience of watching this commercial called “MacBook Air — Lightness — Apple” but at times touching can also be experienced in the mind with my experience. Emotions that I can associate with these senses observed are calming and happiness. The commercial shows the MacBook Air with very chill sound and light on-ear, then showing words that say air and presenting the MacBook Air with sheer thin cloth at the side to suggest how light it is as we all already know that and cloth is like light and it is wavy. It even shows us how thin the MacBook Air is by showing the side of the MacBook Air. These hearing and seeing senses makes me feel like I am touching it as I know how light a sheer cloth is thus the imagination that I could touch it.
China Design
DISCUSSION
As of 2019, CHINA is considered both communist and capitalist society but still leaning more towards communist. Under political it is communist but for classes is has moved onto capitalist where there are many classes of people in a society. And with the rise of online purchasing, it will be hard to maintain being a communist society.
Capitalism is good because consumers can choose the things, they want to consume which leads to consumerism and competition for companies to develop and produce more and better products and services. These goods and services will then be measured in the form of data and produced base on demand to avoid overproducing. More options to choose from, more innovations developed, the rate of efficiency increases and overall country economic growth. And because there is Capitalism there is Democracy in a country.
‘CHINESE’ design is usually associated with calligraphy, water painting and crafting as a traditional design in the Qing Dynasty are all handcrafted. There’s usually dragons, a form of gold, flowers (lotus), repetitive patterns and the fortune / lucky animals in China. During the revolutions, it is more design on the army, portrayals of their leaders, posters on how good it will be under the lead of their leader etc. Following is the rise in product designing and then the political pop of fusion in Chinese and western design. Finally, in today’s society, the designing is of bigger scale like the architecture where people from worldwide would come to visit to see. Design is to have large spaces, unique and trying to main their cultural beliefs.
A SINGAPORE dream for people used to be the 5 Cs – Car, Cash, Condo, Credit card and Country Club membership but now it is resourced with information, being famous/well-connected, being able to have steady job, ability to focus on work-life, wanting to be the boss of their own business, travel the world and spend more on their hobbies. As a country, it is to digitalise, to advance, to modernise, solar-powered, ability to reuse (e.g our Newater) and the newly added to be more environmentally friendly. While the AMERICAN dream is to continuously invent, innovate and to seek answers from foreign creeds. The CHINESE dream is protean, to have China to be in the position of international centrality, modernize yet keeping their classical traditions.
JOURNAL
We can learn from design in China are the ability to implement their classical traditions into their design and also using natural materials to construct their design and also both their interiors and architectures.
For example, Ai Wei Wei, who studies overseas but still came back to China despite his family being persecuted. He came back to China, did his design by expressing his feelings with no fear of being judged or criticized. Climbed to be China’s most famous artist through photography, film, architecture and sculpture as such. Ability to influence people through his design works. Using his expression, feelings and his very own life together with his design.
Penda and NERI & HU are companies that design architecture and interiors in China. They use materials that are natural like timber and concrete. We can learn from them on using shapes to create something, also able to link back to the classical tradition of China and how we can use the spaces in-between to create storage.
Li Xiaodong and Ma YanSong both studied overseas where they gain knowledge from overseas experiences and learning from people that are not from China. These foreign influences help them create architecture and its interior differently from the traditional ones in China. Mix use of materials and organic and cubes shapes to create a different space and look both indoors and outdoors.
Wang Shu that studies in China, who is a person whose design in a way it retains a certain aspect of China’s traditional architecture. His have implemented the Wabi-Sabi into some of his designs where its beauty through the imperfection and incompleteness. What we can learn is being bolder, see things different where imperfect can be a beauty, learn to use and experiment organic shapes in the design and lastly learn how he links his design to the classical tradition of his own country.
Australisia
Space can be considered ‘ugly’ because of different people perspective, understanding and how the designer executes when designing and building the space.
Singaporean Ugliness lies within our behaviour and our perception. We often don’t make the effort to change our behaviour because what we expect is if others are doing it why can’t I? And also, we often judge immediately and don’t make the effort to understand others first.
An interesting ugliness in Singapore is their attitude like being Kiasu meaning being afraid of missing out thus having a selfish attitude. Because of this Kiasu attitude, Singaporeans tend to want to be the first, like chope a seat in a food court why? Because they are afraid someone else would take the seat. Another instance would be queuing to be the first so they won’t miss out on something important or in any case would the item sold out they are in front of the line there’s a higher chance of getting it. The worst kind of Kiasu would be the Kiasu parents because they want to know more things about their children education but some of them might not get what they want and starts complaining which complaint is also part of ugliness in Singaporeans. Below are some pictures that show how Singaporeans are Kiasu in a bad way where they only think of themselves but in contradiction, there are Singaporeans that willing gives up their seats for other more in need and there are Singaporeans that waits for a table. Finally, because of the Kiasuness, we take more instead of giving more. We take things for granted so we have to learn to appreciate and give back to society.
Many Singaporeans either post what they deem bad and insensible online while others might choose to ignore it as it does not concern it, or they do not want to get into any trouble. Singaporeans are now trying to let others first instead of being the Kiasu them what wants to be first. I can also see that Singaporeans are trying to give back like the Youth community and events about giving back to society and also helping to build a better environment for all to live in. For table instance, some Singaporeans are willing to share with strangers their table instead of having it all to themselves.
Get Rea! Spaced Out
Awareness events, activities, more check-ups on elderly, interactions and communication between neighbours and can be done as a community to prevent die-hard habits like these hoarders.
The role of an interior designer to assist segments of the community is to help create an environment that allows others to feel less lonely and more companies, help to add more elements like smart homes where they can interact in their own home like with Alexa so at least there is something they could interact and no feel lonely and build something like a hut within the house or outside their neighbourhood where it feels cosy and friendly with maybe games inside where they could play with other people to make friends or panel of screens which display their favourite things in the hut that surrounds them to give them a sense of security and comfort.
Moreover, we can encourage them to join communities to help with what they are specialised in or like this collector can join this community like recycling or a collector community to talk more about their passion.
REFLECTION (JOURNAL, SEMINAR, ARTICLE)
Journal - From all the lessons and weekly journals, I learned so much more about history, design history, important individuals that made up the designs today, Singapore and other countries and most importantly knowledge. It was very fulfilling to me to have gained this much knowledge which there are many terms that I have never come across before and individuals that I never knew existed. This helps me a lot for my was of thinking as beginning it was narrow but with this knowledge, it expanded and I tend to think broader and deeper now. Doing the journals make me understand there's so much more to research on and just listening to lecture wasn't enough and I have to do my own research to be more informed. Personally, I enjoyed all these lessons and I hope to learn more and hopefully I myself can learn from books, the internet and from others about those that are not taught in these lessons.
Seminar - For the seminar, my group did on the industrial revolution which to me is very relevant and good to know more about in this day and society. While doing, it was a little hard to research on some things as there are so many revolutions and it gets a little confusing to piece which belong to which revolution and at times we pieced wrongly so we had to research more to get it correct. Industrial Revolution plays a big role in the society today and how it has and going to develop in the future so I'm glad my group did on this topic.
Article - My group selected Eco-Design to do our article on but it is an individual submission. Although we had a lecture about this topic in class but listening to our fellow peers present this topic and taking notes to allow me to know even more things as they covered more details and case studies they picked out easily allow me to understand what the topic is about and how am I going to write my article. Besides that, I did in-depth research too to know more and to refresh my memory while doing the article. Moreover, I enjoy learning this topic as I am someone who wants to be more eco-friendly.
[Extra] - Short Film (Consumer culture and prevalence of shopping malls in Singapore)
References
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