Dutchness
The price of ‘Dutch’ design is priceless as the design is everywhere, in design, everybody has a say even people with no degree, do it simple, modesty, tell many stories to the design and don’t design to the product but instead, the process.
There is a ‘Singaporean’ design. Some case studies are HDB and SuperTree.
HDB is a public housing where the majority of Singaporeans live in and its architectures vary in many types but one look at it can tell u that it is a HDB and you can only see HDB flats in Singapore and nowhere in the world thus defining as a Singaporean design that houses many people of different race and religion who come together and communicate to become close neighbours.
Greenery as part of Singapore design as in this urban modern city we are still about to see greeneries being implemented on the street wherever you go, in architectures like SuperTree Singapore which many technologies (e.g. the light show) and plants are used on and around it showing how that even in an urban city, we can still incorporate the life of plants and greenery around us to suggest Singapore is clean and green.
2 design statements the designers have made in the documentary that inspired me are “Instead of being scared of copying / ’not my design’, take in all ideas and collaborate with others. If you can’t collaborate with other designers means you are either dam brilliant or dam lonely.” and “Dare to be a company who says, “I am going for it” but nobody did it before and I am trying.” I like being original and is scared of the ‘not my design’ principle but these statements inspire me to be daring, be the first to try even when others don’t, fearless, open my mind, go out to take in ideas and collaborate with others as they might have ideas that can elevate the whole design as the saying goes "Teamwork makes the dream work" and "Only when you take the first step you will know what happens next, else you will never know".
Santiago Calatrava
Calatrava’s design philosophy is always analysed even the simplest things, do mental exercises from mind to hand to capture ideas and vision in his mind and even analyse to investigate and let it change and transform, architecture is his art but it is also not always art, finding his language and vocabulary, to be independent of schools, tendencies and dictates and be able to have the right to say whatever he wants to say in his manner. It is also to deliver something beautiful, optimistic from the once ugly and sadness. To always believe each person and this source can deliver quality and never stop delivering never stop working on it be the best and newest one can deliver. He also believes in working for the public authority as it will belong and deliver to everybody.
The inspirations Calatrava have are sculptures, art, painting and they are from constantly analysing of things that even a child would know and he would still analyse it and question it and from mental exercises from mind to hand, drawings then become more like construction drawings, observations of the human body, prototyping, physical and mental experiences, social science, pure techniques of life, transportation, movements, planes, stations as such.
2 of his projects that I selected are The ethereal Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro on the Pier Maua waterfront and The sinuous Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana high-speed railway station. My opinions about these projects in an argument with my design philosophy are that both the projects are very aesthetic but yet very functional which I think is very important in the modern world now. They are both very public places for people to go, explore and experience. For The ethereal Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro on the Pier Maua waterfront, Calatrava created this that includes sustainable design initiatives, incorporating light and natural energy, using water from the bay to regulate the internal temperature of the building and also incorporating solar energy to me is very functional and sustainable so it won't cause big damage to the environment which my design philosophy is to be green, sustainable and does less to damage the environment. It provides a bright yet spacious interior for so many people to experience and enjoy together which I think the design is meant for others to appreciate and experience. The sinuous Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana high-speed railway station, it is arranged in the shape of a 3-dimensional curve that creates a dynamic structure of a wave that is about 1 metre long. It is built in a way one can differentiate arrival and departure which is very important as designers we design to allow others to also understand and appreciate the design. Since it is a public space, I truly think that it provides so many memories and experiences for people that are there and it there becomes significant to people.
2 design statements the designer have made in the documentary that inspired me are “A matter of
the precision you see so you have to deliver the answer you understand to the right problem so it's very important to think about the problem and deliver an answer to the problem” and “Working very hard and thinking and analysing that this what you are doing can have also a higher significant”. It is because there are so many things in life that I always run into problems and trouble with so I need to be able to deliver the answer to the problem, and I’m always finding the answers yet failed to properly think through about the problem and answering it to my understanding thus this 1st statement teaches me to always deliver the answers that I must understand to the problem. And for the 2nd statement is that even though I work hard for the things in life but this taught me that I must also be able to always think and analyse even the simplest of things to improve and gain significances that are even greater than what I currently have.
Peter Zumthor Interview: Different Kinds of Silence
The protagonist addressed the ‘site’ as a spirit, the sound of the landscape, a historical place, not an urban environment, and fertile & nourishing ground. He mentioned, for example, a railway station which contains anonymous kind of sound of a city can be very great like inside a protective ocean of sounds. Sound of the landscape could be beautiful like lots of noise or different kind of silence, different kind of mental silence or peace with your peace. He addressed the ‘site’ where he can go travel to people easily, then go outside then to the third world like a campus in the village. A fertile & nourishing ground as we look at it, find out, understand, and be interested. It is a historical place as it is stored in typography in a village and a landscape in a city. Not urban environment as he mentions that If an architect can work with city planning, work with all already existing things, which have a history, then it will be much easier to be successful with new things that an architect adds and also to him even though a building is important it cannot do without its surrounding, it is always part of the building. To connect with the surrounding environment in a good way forms a holistic atmosphere and a Nicotine Steagall Environment. He does not go with preconceived ideas ideologies but openness is important as the ‘site is a spirit, we look, think then say and not the other way round, it is the same as we look, feel and then trust.
2 of his projects that I selected are 2011 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, London and 1996 Thermal Bath Vals, Graubünden, Switzerland. My opinions about these projects in an argument with my design philosophy are that both the projects are very not an urban environment where he forms a connection between the environment surrounding the building and the building together to create an architecture which is both beautiful and yet atmospheric with feelings and with use. Using Voids and Sticks to “Make it typical, then it will become special”. He believes in form follows everything, using materials to create an atmosphere, trusting the material and inspire a new space through senses like sounds, smell, and sight. He is always trying to create an atmosphere where one experience a building then remember it by memory and feeling.
For 2011 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, London, Peter Zumthor design this to emphasize senses and emotions like letting its audience experience relaxation, observations and conversing through architecture. This is an architecture of a garden within a garden, which enclosed with darkness acting as a backdrop to show off the main character – the garden which the experience will be memorable for the audience and full of memory and time for the materials used. The Pavilion allows people to reflect and relax within its garden, nature and away from the busyness in life. My opinions about this project in an argument with my design philosophy are that it is important to always take a step back in life to enjoy and in this architecture, it fulfilled the emphasis element on the garden which many takes it as a form of peace as like to be in the mountain full of nature and life forms of plants. It is very important to think about the main focus and with a backdrop it allows the main focus to stand out and people to watch just like watching a performance on stage. It, therefore, allows a conversation to take place.
For 1996 Thermal Bath Vals, Graubünden, Switzerland, Peter Zumthor designed it to create a form of cave/quarry like structure by working with natural surrounding and stones. A combination of water and stone as to reference it to a mountain, to being in a mountain and building it out of a mountain. Combination of lighting, spaces, and elements to emphasize experiences and discovering the ancient benefits of bathing within the architecture. A carefully planned route of circulation to guide the user through space yet also allow an own-determined route where the user can explore for themselves. In this architecture, the building spaces are connected and flows to create a rhythm like in the mountain, walking through the woods making different discoveries by looking for their path up, their way out and their directions. My opinions about this project in an argument with my design philosophy is that to make architecture and an interior prominent/good, it needs to be in line with its surrounding or it will not make sense. With Peter Zumthor using materials to harmonise the architecture with the environment, it makes it a good architecture and allows it to have the history remain instead of destroyed allowing the eyes of others to understand the connection between the architecture, interior and surrounding. To make a place feel like a memory, a connection is needed and yet an element of self-discovery as everybody has a different type of understanding something and a different mindset of memories. Therefore, creating a space to emphasize experience is important.
Daniel Libeskind Interview:
Different Voices of a Site
The ‘Voices of the Site’ affected by in Libeskind’s words is that it is like a symphony and it’s for everyone. One can hear the silence and it becomes a symphony which one can listen to it in a thousand different ways and still has an impact. We can't visualize a world without symphony as it is already part of nature. For example, we can see something like seeing an instrument and we hear music but we can’t see music. An architect should depart from the tradition as building say more. We frame the world and the world creates the void. The sites are not loud, but it whispers to us and we have to attune ourselves to make the effort to listen and not decipher straight away.
Every place is being touched by trauma and we will not be aware of it as different trauma are touched by different personals and that have a different memory. To make a plan for the people, one don’t build on the site, leave the site as much public space as possible for the public. From his position, the voices of the site is only being heard, felt and for the people, but from my position, is seeing the things around my surrounding speak to me and telling me things only I will know and also listening to the surrounding noises that plays for me to listen but I also agree with Libeskind point of view.
The meaning of a ‘door’ in Libeskind’s words is the atmosphere and feelings one will get when entering that particular space, opportunities given to him and future.
The atmosphere and feel are because to him, it is not the material of architecture that make art but the atmosphere, the story told through the light and proportions. It must be able to communicate with one’s soul directly. By the door, when entering that frame/door it brings one into a different world, a different atmosphere that allows one to feel the space and realise that something so obvious that all of that is the theatre of one's world which tells somethings that it communicates to one. One project of his about that would be the 2001 Jewish Museum, Berlin, Germany which I will talk about later. He also mentioned that no one in the world is not connected to architecture like their city, their village, etc and it is connected through their memory which is a great incubator of their emotions, it therefore then speak to point of time and space. This door also leads to reality, memory, and different perception of human beings.
The opportunities are as it opens the door for him to be an architect like the privilege to get a free education is given to him, then his first architecture is being built from a competition even though he had never built 1 before, and that opportunity is given to him even though it is supposed to be taken away instead.
The future where being an architect, optimism is a requirement and one cannot look towards the future with nostalgia as people with nostalgia are usually people who don’t believe in the future thus they must always look to the future but without memory, there will also be no future. Therefore, memory is the key to opening the door to the future. As he mentioned, “New-born is born, never know what will happen because every life is different, is unique, have optimism, be a believer, fight for what you believe in that show what you believe is true”.
In my prior perception, I thought it will be a door that opens to a new world as one would say and open the door to a different room, a place, an environment but it is in fact for Libeskind, it means an atmosphere, space, memory, story and the future.
2 of his projects that I selected are 2001 Jewish Museum, Berlin, Germany and 1998 Felix Nussbaum House 01, Osnabruck, Germany. My opinions about these projects in an argument with my design philosophy are that both the projects speak very greatly towards Libeskind philosophy and they both have a very rich history which makes the site, even more, to talk about. They are both simple yet complicated, simple whereby you can get the architecture and interior when you look at them, be able to feel the space even by looking at the pictures and complicated as the architecture is in a very complex geometric shape and they are not at all straight and the story about it speaks a lot.
For 2001 Jewish Museum, Berlin, Germany, it was created before the Berlin Wall and it is to exhibit the social, political, and cultural history of the Jews in Germany. It has a very rich history and Libeskind built this architecture so that there will be no doors in and the only way in was to enter the Baroque Kollegienhaus and then descends by stairway through the dramatic Entry Void, into the underground. It is connected to a new extension which in turn preserve both the old and the new structures on the surface. There are 3 underground routes which tell a different story and, in the zigzag, a void that cuts through creates a space that embodies absence which makes the straight line becomes the central focus. One has to cross one of the 60 bridges that open into the void to travel to the other side of the museum. In this museum, he created architecture as the no door in the building makes one needing to go underground then finding the darkness and the light of continuity across the abyss across the void. This atmosphere is built to allow one to feel the history of what people have gone through and retaining history yet also breaking new grounds. My opinions about this project in an argument with my design philosophy is that it is very important to keep even a fragment of history so that the architecture can tell the story and depicts history. The atmosphere Libeskind created also allows one to go through what is gone through the site yet the architecture is also looking into the future just that the interior and architecture is telling a story and giving the feeling one would feel when you time travels back to the people that were there in the past.
For 1998 Felix Nussbaum House 01, Osnabruck, Germany, likewise the Jewish Museum, it also has 3 interconnected structures but in these 3 paths, it refers to Nussbaum’s existence and points the direction to the important locations in his life. For Felix Nussbaum House, it is constructed so the pathways will have sudden breaks with unpredictable intersections as well as claustrophobic spaces and dead ends that reflect Nussbaum’s predicament as Jewish painter in Germany before World War 2. This shows how during the WWII, the Jews felt so helpless till there’s nowhere they could go, in a cramped space that one can feel afraid and how decisions can be made as there are so many uncertainties in life then. The spaces made is so that the atmosphere, space and experience one would get would be one that brings one back to the past during the WWII period yet feels so present as it is created through the disoriented circulation routes together with the thought out placing of the paintings. My opinions about this project in an argument with my design philosophy are that being able to create a space so public to others yet bring to them the emotions and experience that one could only feel within the space, the feeling of loss and depression that were felt by the Jews in Germany during the WWII period. He can piece the history, the events and the site together very well and then creating a past and future experience where we see a future but we feel the past. In a place full of void but yet being able to tell a story and one can listen through their heart and also through their memories as mention memories and people past or present will always be connected. I truly believe that memory is an important fragment that plays a part in the history which implements into the interior and architecture than for others to interpret and partake.
Abstract: The Art of Design |
Bjarke Ingels: Architecture
The differences that his design processes vary from me are that projects he takes on are very large scale, always thinking about the impossible first, solving the problems first by finding ways to solve the problems in a completely unproblematic way and thinking & viewing the surrounding environment like to him, “rolling hills next to the sea, it also somehow inspires movement and playfulness” while I would think about the spatial planning and then designing.
Bjarke Ingels always have a sense of possibility, do things fast like if a project takes 6 years and with lots of budgets, he tries to take a little as 6 months and as little budget as possible to finish a project. Bjarke started off doing sort of affordable housing. Since the way he designs made it is so cheap to build, he targets his audience to pioneers and selling it as cheap as possible that they can sell 110 flats in 1 Sunday. Most of his projects are a link to sustainability and environment and interesting fact is his project names are the structure of the architecture. He always asks, “What if sustainability could be part of actually increasing your quality of life?” He always thinks about the environment for example water can become ice and people can use it as a meeting point or using the sun that creates shadow and reflection on the architecture. Thinking about combinations, crossbreed it, so that it has positive social and environmental side effects, like the power plant becoming a place where people could ski that are very powerful that gives a very strong force, of necessity, utility, and giving it poetry and possibility. Being able to use his impact as a human on improving our environment.
Thus, he built out of the norm, think about the unthinkable. He designs to functionality yet aestheticism and moving away from the tradition yet also keeping the tradition of the place. He always thinks about how he will feel if he was inside his building and how it is like if it was his house. Believing that things can become a hybrid of “Yes is More” and everything becomes a utopia, in 1 single block. However, BIG architecture can point in new directions, opens up new possibilities, but its zero innovation. He takes freely from all sorts of aesthetic traditions and creates things that are aesthetic promiscuity, marketing in a way that's elegant, innovative and fun. He also designs things so it will look effortless yet it is supposed to be premeditated.
Bjarke wants to change people's way of thinking about architecture, what a building could be and what it could do. He will always ask himself: “Is this going to be worth the next seven years of my life?” To him, architecture is an art and science that creates the framework of our lives, building built can open possibilities or hinder encounters. And he does not follow the rules. Things that evolved in one context will suddenly find their true potential when they move into another context. To them (BIG), they not going to stop until they incorporate every single concern, no matter how small. This makes things extraordinary because of the different ways things perform.
In my position, I also support sustainability within the design as well as a hybrid to building a utopia within a single unit. One must say this is very possible in the future but in the context of Singapore, it will still not be possible as much land is needed for such an architecture context. But in term of incorporating, some of it can still work and is evolving in this day and age. Others might think that Bjarke is crazy but I think that his design is far innovative, very functional and opens to so many unthinkable possibilities from human connections/interactions within a space to a hybrid of many activities in a single block to creating a ton of memories and experiences within an architecture that is meant to accommodate to ones living and dreams of living luxury. In addition, others might say that it’s just repeating of the same idea, but the fact is they have been repeating but also innovating further to make it even better than the ones before just like Apple and Samsung, it’s the same but innovating and upgrading still get across to people, people still like them and will continue to purchase them.
2 of his projects that I selected are Mountain Dwellings, Copenhagen, Denmark and 8 House, Copenhagen, Denmark. My opinions about these projects in an argument with my design philosophy are that both the projects started with blocks and needing to incorporate things into it like garden and carpark etc. Instead of it being individual, Bjarke combined and hybrid them into 1 single unit and it ends up being like a utopia where everything seems to be in that 1 place. He always starts with blocks then looking at the environment in a big picture for the sun direction, the environment around and water/lakes before he makes the adjustments in which areas should look like what and if it should be higher or lower. Being able to combine activities and spaces to allow it to cohabit is very intriguing that even I would like to one day visit these places. These places he built are for accommodation purposes and they are cheap. Within these architectures, making connections with others becomes easier as people will be able to cohabit like living within a bungalow but they all have their apartment. An apartment that is cheap but yet gives so many benefits like being able to garden, in a penthouse alike and enjoying a view is very innovative and they are also sustainable and beautiful on the outside which makes them such a good architecture and an inspiration to me.
For Mountain Dwellings, Copenhagen, Denmark, this is a 2nd generation project which is from the VM house with the same clients and just next to each other. Compared to the VM house, this is the upgraded version with a carpark that is inside the building instead of beside. This is a terraced housing designed to target the pioneer as it is selling cheap. It has many functions from having roof garden facing the sun to fresh air to amazing views. Each unit can get their garden with a huge watering system to maintain the garden and sunlight/natural lighting shining into the house. As mentioned, carpark within the building but they are also able to park just outside their apartment too. Each floor of the parking area has a different colour and when nightfall, the façade lit from inside will appear as a photo negative. This project makes it so remarkable that so many designs were being thought through especially thinking for the people that are going to reside in the apartments. From 1 side it looks like a mountain yet when you view from the other it looks just like an aesthetic building. There are so many functionalities in a single building yet each felt so individual for every floor people reside in. It seems as if things were shared but they were also so individual to each apartment like them can share the same amount of sun and also the same open garden space as well as a so-called induvial parking space too.
For 8 House, Copenhagen, Denmark, this building is also beside the VM House and Mountain Dwellings. The 8 House consists of a terraced garden, a path where people can bike from the street to the 10th level of the penthouse, 2 intimate interior courtyard and 500sqm communal facilities at the centre of the cross etc. This 8 House can accommodate both residential and commercial in 1 single building where commercial is at the base while residential at the top. Residential benefits from the view, sunlight and fresh air while commercials become 1 with the street. Functions are being spread out horizontally within the building inside of blocks. It is spectacular how architecture can become one and be able to connect to the park and street like its 1 and also bring residential and commercial into 1. Bjarke is also able to use the 8 House shape to place the different activities strategically to create a sense of open like public space but also a close concept for residence only. Instead of the normal meeting on the ground floor, people could interact and encounter with each other all the way to the top floor of the building. I believe that this is very good for community interaction as you get to interact with others more than usual like people are everywhere yet you also have your privacy when living there like living in a condo yet also an HDB in Singapore context and one also gets to have natural lighting and view while living there. In addition, it is placed next to a lake and like Bjarke mention you get 2 suns as water reflects and thus getting a reflection of the building which makes the view so aesthetic and beautiful. And according to the season, when the water freezes people go out to ski and they get to meet others from the other side of the lake which also serves as a form of interaction and community spirit.
Influencers The Pritzker Architecture Prize - Wang Shu And Lu Wenyu, Amateur Architecture
The purpose of materiality in their projects is memories, evoke people’s feelings, keep the tradition, continue culture and sustainability. Wang Shu and Lu WenYu want to be able to use the materials gathered from demolished old buildings and recycled materials to build something that can represent the culture, tradition and past instead of being thrown away. They did it because nobody would and because the villages in China, their tradition and culture were not protected and their old buildings are getting demolished every day just to build new high-rise buildings. They want to let the villages be more confident and prouder of their village as it is and not as the modern and high-rise buildings. They what their buildings remind people that we should not forget where we are and who we are. They used material of both old and new deconstructed demolished materials and colourful but traditional and exploratory in their projects and buildings. Materials that were once beautiful but demolished are also used as prototyping and experimenting for their students' projects. What was ‘lost’ are their tradition, their local culture, their “common” life, and buildings that were hand-built in the past. Wang Shu and Lu WenYu want to be able to use tradition to change and influence modern instead of modern influencing the old to be demolished and built new.
To me, design and architecture are one of the industry that waste the most materials and it is a very good approach to have people like Wang Shu and Lu WenYu that is willing to use those materials to create a new yet memory filled projects. Being able to use materials from a demolished building in their country to build their buildings yet while building they thought for others for the sake of their tradition and memories that the materials might contain. Their ideas are very creative yet simple which I think is something that not everyone can think of or will think of as it is so simple, others might just brush it off. But to Wang Shu and Lu WenYu, a simple thing they build can change how people think and gather them to remember their culture and tradition.
‘Locality’ is necessary because it represents their tradition, culture and who they are. It makes people feel at home, makes people feel like it them its China, not America. It is because their government is constantly demolishing old buildings to pave way for high-rise buildings that are seen in America or other countries as such which is a contrast from the village, natural and human-built buildings. Wang Shu always asks how people view China’s future and how it will link to their tradition and culture. For example, ‘locality’ in China buildings should consist of a courtyard, an entrance hall that shows their ancestral tablet and their big kitchen which uses wood to fire and cook their food. A building should consist half and the other half as landscape and with streams which then will truly show China’s city and not high-rise buildings everywhere. ‘Locality’ represent their common life and truly China themselves. It is necessary as going towards modern is easy but reverting and retaining their tradition and culture of their buildings is very hard and one might never even be able to get back the old architecture of China.
I agree with both Wang Shu and Lu WenYu. In this day and age, society is changing and with society changing, the landscape and every other thing will also evolve and grow. However, with such fast and advance growth, people tend to leave things behind and forget about what truly represents them and move forward is good but if there’s nothing to look back to it would be very meaningless. In Singapore context, we lost many tradition and culture but as of now we still have that few traditions and trying to retain and cherish it. This is the same meaning as what Wang Shu and Lu WenYu are trying to convey, to convey that what's lost can never be found again, we must learn to treasure and save those that are going to be lost.
2 of his projects that I selected are Ningbo Historic Museum and Vertical Courtyard Apartments, 2002-2007, Hangzhou, China. My opinions about these projects in an argument with my design philosophy are that both the projects represents both Wang Shu and Lu WenYu’s aspirations and it show a lot about what they are trying to say. Both projects are in Hangzhou, China which is their hometown and the projects are made from materials from the demolition of buildings in their region. Both the projects also signify and represent his region and country very significantly. This shows how using recycled materials can also create a stunning yet filled with memory buildings instead of just copying the new and high-rise buildings seen in other countries.
For Ningbo Historic Museum, they were inspired by the villagers there as they used to recycle material like old and different cans to build their house as natural disaster cause them to always rebuild their houses. In Ningbo Museum, materials used are recycled bricks like the red bricks while the grey is new and they also use bamboo and traditional materials like timber as it represents them China, their tradition and culture. They use recycle concrete and bamboo in this architecture which bamboo modelling will cause concrete to become more emotional and have more emotional and sensitive feelings when people look at it. On the outside, it looks traditional and old but, on the inside, there is a modern feeling. Many old people like to visit, it is because it directly touched their world like their courtyard which is demolished this shows how much the museum evokes feelings and touch people through their memories. In my opinion, it is very respectable and amazing to have someone who truly cares about culture and tradition, in the midst of that, they also care about the environment about the future, how demolishing at such a fast pace can allow people to forget and him using his ability to teach the young and build towards the traditional yet modern approach.
For Vertical Courtyard Apartments, 2002-2007, Hangzhou, China, it is a residential building which houses 800 residents. It has a double volume interior which the 2nd floor is the high “courtyard”. He believes that the tradition of China housing should have a courtyard which is lacked/missing from the modern high-rise buildings. Thus, is he made the building look tradition by using a vertical/horizontal turn. He made sure that every resident living there would have an illusion of living on the 2nd floor. I look up to him as he did not sway away from his beliefs and his tradition. China has a system of villages and city people and he highly thought and consider about people that are living in the villages as they would be the ones who can't adapt fast enough for their modern progression thus using what he knows and believe in to build a home that the villagers are willing to live in and not forced to live in when their homes are demolished by the government.
Frank Lloyd Wright Man Who Built America
‘Falling Waters’ is such an important piece of work by Frank Lloyd Wright because the majority of the architects only get 1 chance for fame, being at the peak of their career and their best works and Wright had his but was dimmed and almost forgotten until ‘Falling Waters’ gave rise to his 2nd chance and ever greater and bolder than he has done before. This piece of work is for residential, represents his goals and aspirations with nature and modern yet organic architecture. 3 examples are, firstly, after 80 years after its construction, it is still standing, extraordinary, floating, very dreamlike building, fascinated, looking timeless and will still one's breath away. Secondly, in line with what Wright set out as his goal, ‘Falling Waters’ achieved the title of first modern architecture in the 1900s that situated on top of the waterfall instead of below it and it even occupies a space that is bigger than its physical space. This concept is not one that ordinary architect would have thought of and it's one of Wrights most daring project he had ever done. The building can be in sympathy with nature although it is man-made and this, in turn, gives harmonising effect between the building and its setting. ‘Falling Waters’ exterior complements so well with its environment that it seemed like it's grown out of rocks and trees and on par, its interior gives one the vibe that you are sheltered in the wild yet also being in the wild at the same time. It is achieved from the furniture used that mimic the wild and its stairs that lead to nowhere but down to the water which is so scenic and you can just stand there to think and contemplate on things. Thirdly, it pushes technology to its limits and that was in the 1900s. This is one of the very few buildings in all history that expresses an uplifting idea of humanity’s place in the world. ‘Falling Waters’ is also representing the best of Wright’s lifelong architectural philosophy. It is because of this, that he gets to build more spectacular, bold, and extraordinary architectures that changed the world.
‘Johnson Wax Museum’ is a ‘genius’ building because it is not like any ordinary building, there is no window, many enjoyed working in such an environment and it is the greatest workroom in all American architecture. ‘Johnson Wax Museum’ is an office building cleaning product company and Wright built this building that made it looks like it belonged to vintage science fiction. Its so genius as Wright created a dreary surrounding, by not having windows, he also created an artificial interior world where you can even tell what’s happening on the inside from the outside and vice versa. The artificial interior world is so inspiring and uplifting as a wild landscape that when one is working within one will feel like their surrounded with huge trees and in such peace with ‘nature’ that many would fall in love working in such an environment. Needing some natural light to come through with no windows, Wright used Pyrex tube in the ceiling and natural light passes through it and it also made it so no harsh lighting pass and in turn, natural light entering is very equal and delicate. Not only, to create such thin columns that can withstand the weight seemed impossible then and Wright proved that columns in Johnson Wax Museum can withstand at least 60 tonnes which makes it so extraordinary that pushes architecture to a whole new limit. This thus makes it so genius and in all, it matters too as it embodies Wright’s belief and philosophy.
His works are slightly relevant in Singapore because some common architecture we see today is a similar challenge to what Wright had once experience. Unlike America, in Singapore, our residential buildings are mostly high rise and namely HDB and Condos and with limited lands, we have little nature surrounding these buildings thus calling a modern city. However, it is relevant as in Singapore, we would love to incorporate plants into our environment but you could say ours is artificially inputted. Some examples are Gardens by the Bay, Heartbeat Bedok etc. Another relevancy is that our buildings and architecture challenges possibility which some examples for this will be our MRT tracks which connect and hold up high with thin columns, as well as Marina Bay Sands, where right at the top it is holding a boat which also contains an infinite pool.
2 of his projects that I selected are Guggenheim Museum, New York, United State and Taliesin West, Scottdale, United State. My opinions about these projects in an argument with my design philosophy are that both the projects represents Wright’s philosophy and it is an important piece for Wright himself. Guggenheim Museum being his final work and Taliesin West being one of the most historic buildings filled with memories for him, his wife, and his fellowships' apprentices. It is a fact that Guggenheim is being visited and wowed by many till today and Taliesin West is being converted into an architecture school that still exists.
For Guggenheim Museum, New York, United State, it is a building that spirals both upwards and downwards depending on where one starts their journey. As mentioned, one can start from the top or the bottom. There’s only 1 path which makes the direction for visitors very simple and clear. The building is slanted but the items being exhibited will support that makes them upright and there are shares of light between natural and artificial. It is built from wide at the top to narrow at the bottom so when one is inside viewing, one can speculate the entire building and being able to see from top to bottom and vice versa. This is also the building allowed Wright to get a landmark in New York. Wright wants to be able to express the idea of how we should be living and understanding of the world through his buildings. He used so much of free, organic and modern architecture. In my design philosophy, I believed in his capability, building towards nature course and modernity but with the rise of high-rise buildings, it will be very different and hard to implement such idea especially in countries like Singapore. But we can and are still in the influence of Wright is that we are still challenging the limits of technology to be bolder and pushing to a greater height.
For Taliesin West, Scottdale, United State, it is the second home to the main Taliesin East where Wright used to live in. They moved and built it in Scottdale as it was too cold during the winter at Taliesin East. Taliesin West was built by both Wright and his apprentices and resides all of them as well. They used materials that can be found on the site rather than exporting them. They believed that it would make the building part of the surrounding and if they were to use materials outside of it, it will no longer be one with the surrounding. The destination was chosen as it is good for residence, business as well as education. Till today, it is used as an architecture school for the higher educations like master’s degree. This building is the effort of him and his students and filled with memories of him and many students that attended the school. Materials sourced by them can be identified personally because of the efforts they take to source them. Students lived there to learn hands-on and also because they are mostly willing to learn under Wright. Both the interior and exterior make it so part of the environment that blends in so well. Although it is scorching hot with intense heat in the desert, with the building low to the ground and canvas roof it made it cool with natural ventilation and naturally lit. It is a building that has a series of space connected with the garden, terrace and pool. Every winter, Wright would return to the house and rethink and rebuild his house design part by part, adding a little here and there which then become a recognisable space in the house. In my design philosophy, I think it is a very impressive and astonishing building built by so many people and being able to source materials so locally and implementing it into the architecture. And to think, his legacy continued as so many other students continued to stay there and practise architecture even after Wright’s death.
CA1 - T1 Research Reflection
My thought processes as I encounter and attempt to assimilate the theories that are taught throughout the semester for History Theory & Ideas 3 that addresses spatial experiences in the theme of “State, Control, Territory, Utopia and Urgency” and documentations on spaces and engaged in perceptions of spaces via the experiences and how that might in turn influence complexed spatial interventions in a state/territory with analysed relationships and draw conclusions that may affect my future FYP projects in conjunction with the T1 Research is, throughout this semester for History Theory & Ideas 3, I got to briefly learn about many different architects who come from different countries and timeline that addresses their architectures through spatial experiences in the theme of “State, Control, Territory, Utopia and Urgency”. They do so in the form of speech and images in videos. A deeper research into each architect enabled me to acquire a deeper knowledge about the 5W1H of each of their architecture. More importantly being able to understand their design philosophy.
Different architects have their personal belief and aspirations, but two things that they have in common are their pride for their work as well as the importance of it. They tend to talk about how the spaces are being used within, the materials and its purpose used for the architecture, as well as how it will benefit both the surrounding and the people using it. It encompasses the story and purpose behind each architecture as well as the experience one will get and feel within and outside of the architecture. It also provides reasons as to why the specific location is chosen to build that architecture and how their architecture represents them.
“State”. There are many forms of state in design term. It can mean a city, a situation, an expression, speech, and a condition. From what I discovered and learned; the state plays an important role especially in the early stages of designing. The state of location ignites imagination and the state of mind encourages creativity. I expressed it this way as when we look at the location, we begin to plan and image the base design before we start getting into it. We then use our minds to ‘upgrade’ our design which encourages creativity. As a student, I tend to prioritise the needs and conditions before moving on to the next stage. But from what I have learnt, instead of meeting the conditions, I should incorporate the condition and if possible ‘upgrade’ the condition from a designers points of view to enhance the design.
In addition, spatial experiences through state come in many forms. It comes in forms such as memories, senses, feelings and even experiences itself. Spaces within either engage or disengage spatially. It can seem like one whole world is connected or everything contrast so immensely. Everyone engages with space differently and every time they engage in it, it varies as we all have different memories and in turn also affected our feelings towards space.
“Control” is when someone or something with the capability to direct/influence a behaviour/event. In business term, the client usually has control over the final say in in the design of their item/house/product/building. But there’s a saying that goes “When you can’t control what’s happening, challenge yourself to control the way you respond to what’s happening. That’s where your power is.” This is what I believe the architects are trying to tell me, which means that I can’t control the given task and expectation but I can control my responses. I can do so by tweaking the task and set higher expectations for myself to enhance the design. Currently, as a student, I realised that I am too fixated in completing my task at hand but rarely venturing out to explore and expand in. To which I admit that that’s when I lose control and I have to get back on track. I must be in control of my design and to not falter, else I will not be able to move forward, to improve, or worse, get stuck in the process. In term of perception, you can’t control the thoughts of others but you can control your believes as that is how it leads many architects and famous people in achieving fame and success.
For control in spatial experiences, space can be created to be controlled by many means like paths, atmosphere, experience, and spaces etc. Examples will be Daniel Libeskind’s 2001 Jewish Museum, Berlin, Germany, where Libeskind designed it to have a specific entryway which in this case to force people to enter through the Baroque Kollegienhaus and then descends by stairway through the dramatic Entry Void, into the underground. 3 different routes are designed to show and tell different stories and experience what others of the past had experienced – the fear, the sorrow, the darkness. Peter Zumthor’s 1996 Thermal Bath Vals, Graubünden, Switzerland, where he carefully planned route of circulation to guide the user through space yet also allow an own-determined route where the user can explore for themselves. Control within a spatial experience can be intentional and unintentional. With that, within an interior space, control is there and if so, what is it? Simple things like air conditioner – temperature, LED Lights – Lighting and even Aromatic diffuser – Scent is considered controlled as it doesn’t have to be the area and path. If there’s something that we can’t control it will be the weather. With that said, materials can also determine control as it controls how it looks like the aesthetic wise and its properties as such. Spatially, we can control the area when we are designing, for example, high volume, wide volume, and circular volume etc. From what I learnt, the architects enjoy using a control within their architecture as it gives a sense of direction and it guides the way they want their stories and experiences to share to people that will be within the space.
“Territory”. Usually, described as a land that belonged to someone. Home can be described as a territory as you own it, it belongs to you thus in many cases, the client owns the place but us as designers we temporary took over and made changes on behalf of our client. Usually, the territory is not a word that is pleasant to speak nor express. Many of the time, the territory is limited as client/owners only own part of the land, therefore, designers have to work within the limit and not step into someone else’s territory too. The lessons learnt from the architects is that even as one space is limited but still be free to play with the design, don’t let the limit limits you from achieving greater heights. Being a student, we are given projects and the territory could be anywhere but with a limit to space be it within or outside.
The relation between spatial experience and territory is, as per territory, there is its surrounding that can support or negate the architecture that is going to be built and of course it is also vice versa. In this case, it is usually architecture that is built with reference to the surrounding. Examples will be Frank Llyod’s Taliesin West, Scottdale, United State where he and his followers used materials that can be found on the site rather than exporting them to build Taliesin and even designed to make it seem like it belonged to that dessert be it interior or exterior. Wang Shu’s Ningbo Historic Museum where he used recycled materials from demolished buildings and traditional materials of China like bamboo and timber in the building which then signify China and its tradition.
“Utopia”. Also known as a society/community that possesses highly desirable / nearly perfect qualities for its citizens. It focuses on equality in both economics and politics which is impossible and will never happen as our society is very materialistic, society class will never be equal and LGTB rights will not be accepted. In these past seven weeks, there’s one video that focuses on Utopia where the architect aspire to design something closely related to a Utopia country. The architect is Bjarke Ingels who strives to make his architectures affordable, sustainable, functional and fast like a utopia world where things coexist and cohabits. The word utopia sounds like something so foreign with a sense of paradise-like place that will probably not exist while many are still striving to create a place to be called Utopia. I think that Utopia seems so impossible as it looks like it’s so advanced, with so much greenery and so technology-wise that one will only see in a cartoon. That said, Singapore looked as though it fits the criteria but Singapore is still far from it as it is standing in the middle of both Utopia and Dystopia. Our infrastructure might strive to look like Utopia but our society and SES class levels will never be able to qualify. In this modern-day and age, our Utopia will aim towards a Cyborg Utopia with the advancement of technology. I believe this might not be a bad thing as many things will ease and we might even build into the sky since we have limited ground usage.
Relationship between Utopia and spatial experience is that in a Utopia world, it is very much different from the current world we have now as everything in there seems so contradict our society. In a Utopia world, it seemed to be so imaginative as it is filled with greeneries everywhere, buildings in the sky, tubes and roads floating in the sky, buildings built and connected so high to the sky and architectures constructed are so realistically impossible. In this spatial connection to experience would be so unrealistic to experience and it's all like a dream. If we were truly able to its so vertically to the sky and horizontally in the sky. We would experience such peace, nature surrounding us all the time and convenience wherever we go.
“Urgency”. It means that the item/task is needed to be done quickly. In the design term, it means against the race of time where time is very precious and there is a need to have that particular task done up within that short period. In a student’s point of view, it meant to have to submit their project very soon and we have to always priorities urgency as top spot, especially those, categorise “Important and Urgent”. From the architects' point of view, I believe that they are conveying urgency as no delays and we should have the urgency to get things done instead of pushing things behind all the time.
In the form of spatial experience, urgency represents people fast pacing life where there is a need to create a path for people to simply scan through space as they cannot slow down. Also, with the advancement of technology, design, as well as architecture, have to advance to and to a greater height, therefore, the urgency to keep thrive and keep getting better. With that, the spatial experience will also change as we must always look forward and as we move forward with this urgency, we must still keep in mind the most fore story that will tell the experience and design philosophy that set out to achieve.
I discovered that as per country that each architect come from, there are different requirements, clients, and land usage for them as compared to the Singapore context. For them, it can represent them, the client, their country, their tradition, their experiences, their culture or even their religion. However, in terms of materiality and realistically, many of these architects come from countries that have land so vast to build their buildings. Week 1, Dutchness, ‘Dutch’ design is priceless as the design is everywhere, in design, everybody has a say, do it simple, be modest, tell many stories to the design and design to the process not. Week 2, Santiago Calatrava, his design philosophy is always analysing even the simplest things, finding his language and working for the public authority as it belongs and will deliver to everybody. Week 3, Peter Zumthor, his design philosophy is even though a building is important it cannot do without its surrounding, it is always part of the building. To connect with the surrounding environment in a good way forms a holistic atmosphere and a Nicotine Steagall Environment. Does not start with preconceived ideas but be open as the ‘site is a spirit, we look, think then say and not the other way round, it is the same as we look, feel and then trust’. Week 4, Daniel Libeskind, his design philosophy is an architect should depart from the tradition as building say more. To make a plan for the people, one doesn’t build on the site, leave the site as much public space as possible for the public. The atmosphere, the story told through the light and proportions must be able to communicate with one’s soul directly. Week 5, Bjarke Ingels, his design philosophy always thinking about the impossible first, solving the problems first by finding ways to solve the problems in a completely unproblematic way and thinking & viewing the surrounding environment. Believing that things can become a hybrid of “Yes is More” and everything becomes a utopia, in 1 single block. He also designs things so it will look effortless yet it is supposed to be premeditated. Bjarke wants to change people's way of thinking about architecture, what a building could be and what it could do. Week 6, Wang Shu, his design philosophy is to design to memories, evoke people’s feelings, keep the tradition, continue culture and sustainability. Wang Shu and Lu WenYu want to be able to use the materials gathered from demolished old buildings and recycled materials to build something that can represent the culture, tradition and past instead of being thrown away. Wang Shu and Lu WenYu want to be able to use tradition to change and influence modern instead of modern influencing the old to be demolished and built new. Week 7, Frank Llyod, his design philosophy is design to be fitting to nature like it belonged there, make it modern, bold yet organic architecture.
In contrast to Singapore which is a small dot on the map with the already much-reclaimed lands and in Singapore, we are to built either higher to the sky or lower to the ground using vertical spaces instead of horizontal. Singapore, a country so advanced and striving towards a technology operated city that each of our architectures should serve multipurpose functions from residential to commercial and facilities all in one. Concerning growing population in Singapore, many of our historic sites have made ways for new infrastructures and therefore, to keep traditions and culture will be very tough and comparing to just two decades ago, Singapore is almost unrecognizable. Singapore is multicultural, so we have to accustom to all races, religions and languages. Although we are advancing to technology and high-rise buildings we still have to care for the few shophouses that we have left from the past. In the past year, Singapore has also worked towards a greener and sustainable world. Singapore itself it a country-state. Singapore has control as Lee Kuan Yew planned and zoned lands in Singapore which now called the Master Plan in the tourist district and residential etc. A utopian built country in terms of architecture and spaces to satisfy people needs in a tiny dot on the map. The urgency to turn Singapore from kampung in the 1980s to city filled with high-rise buildings, good transport, and less poverty etc in 2020 for the growing population in Singapore.
I was thinking how these research and theories can be applied in Singapore context like advancing to smart homes, sustainable society, using recycled/recycled materials, creating/designing an experience to fit the story and wild, never seen before new ideas especially with so many high-rise buildings in Singapore. In addition, since most of the lessons are on architects experiences and sharing, how is it going to affect interior designing? Although these architects talk about their architecture, most of them also advance into the interior of the architecture, talking and showing about how their interior cohabits with the exterior and telling the story through an experience. The interior of the building usually gives more in-depth to why such building is built in that way and the interior also truly tells the reason to why the building is even built in the first place. Even if it is for residential or commercial uses, it exhibits the owner's lifestyle and the company’s motto. Through these architects and lessons, I learned that there is an experience to everything. It is usually not noticeable but it is always there.
In conjunction with T1 Research, the conclusions made in this research that may affect my FYP projects is that it teaches me to find and always stand to affirm my design philosophy first before thinking about my designs. For every design, there should either have at least a story, a purpose, a reason, a meaning, or an experience that is set right at the start that will follow through the design process and outcome. Through these learnings and architects, I realize that my way of design strategizing and thinking especially in the early stages are not carefully foundation through. There are many flaws such as how to flow within the space connect with the story that I am telling as well as what kind of design concept I am going for to match that story I am telling etc that will be able to affect my reasoning, standing point and design philosophy greatly in a negative way. I found that the note-taking process for my weekly documentation help me ensured that I listened, understand the video, and allow me to capture the main points in the video.
My position from a designer perspective changed, furthermore, I better understood why and how the architects did succeed. It is always every designer's and architect’s dream to see their work come to life as they spend so much of their time planning and designing each work, pouring their hearts and soul into it. I will think through my story and things that that I want my audience to experience and know about that product, space and interior that I created and designed. From now, quotes that I live by are, first, “Dare to be a company who says, “I am going for it” but nobody did it before and I am trying”. In the seven weeks, I learned that, if those architects didn’t attempt, they would not have succeeded. So if I try and even if nobody did it before, I attempted, I will always have the chance even if its slim to succeed moreover others might also be inspired and follow on. Secondly, “Instead of being scared of copying / ’not my design’, take in all ideas and collaborate with others. If you can’t collaborate with other designers means you are either dam brilliant or dam lonely”, as I realise most architects and designers were inspired. They always have that one person or one thing that they look up to that inspire and pushes them, not only, they also worked/collaborated with others who enhance and improves the design. Thirdly, “Working very hard and thinking and analysing that this what you are doing can have also a higher significant”. Even though I work hard for the things in life but this taught me that I must also be able to think and analyse even the simplest of things to improve and gain significances that are even greater than what I currently have.
Semiosis
2 instances that I am going to explain its semiosis is found locally in Bedok – (Bedok Residences Condominium, Bedok Mall and Bedok MRT) and Singapore's National Day.
The semiosis for Bedok – (Bedok Residences Condominium, Bedok Mall and Bedok MRT) is that it is a building that has means of commercial, transport and residential. To the residences there, when Bedok comes up, it means their home. To shoppers and businesses, Bedok means shopping and business. To travellers, Bedok is a destination and a place they can transport to and for. It is also a place that is interlinked and interjoins by its spaces and its structure. Bedok is a place located in the east when typed into google, Bedok is a neighbourhood in Singapore when typed into maps, Bedok will be part of a destination located in the East-West Line, thus many things that define Bedok and Bedok will be a place different to every individual.
The semiosis for National Day in Singapore is that it is a day of celebration and to different people like Singaporeans, people overseas or work pass holders it means a day for different events that take place. Normally known National Day as a day where we gained independence and celebrating it every year. We also treat National Day as a day where we get holidays and we can rest for the day and or work pass holders especially those from Malaysia, they can return home on that day. We also associate National Day as an event and red and white. We wear either red or white on National day and goodie bags given out during National Day Parades (NDP) are also in red and white. We hang the national flag on our windows / on corridors to show that we are Singaporeans and we are proud to be one. On National Day, we sing our national song, say our national pledge and every year we have our NDP songs to singalong. To many Singaporeans, it is a day where we gather as nation whole and especially to many adults, they would tune in to the national day rally where the Prime Minister of Singapore will address on its key challenges and announce major policy changes. It is also the best time to be used to promote Singapore in every way like a small nation but yet so strong, its food and it's living etc. Lastly, for Singaporeans living abroad, it is also a day that reminds them that Singapore is their home, where they belong.
Deconstruction - Derrida
The 1 word I selected from the SG Pledge is “Prosperity”. “Prosperity” can mean many things when I deconstruct it. It can mean, Food (MacDonald’s Prosperity Burger), Chinese New Year, More and more incoming Money (Money Growth/Good Fortune), Growth and Relationships.
Food, as food like MacDonald’s Prosperity Burger where it is sold during Chinses New Year period and food is a staple product that feeds to our physical growth and staying alive. To have the ability to enjoy food and have food on our table is a blessing as many died from starvation. Food allows us as a human being to prosper every day and food is regarded as an offering to god that will bring us prosperity. Many foods considered as the higher quality is a delicacy that is served to the royals / the rich to show off their wealth.
Chinese New Year, a period of 2 weeks that the Chinese celebrate the Lunar New Year’s Day. It is considered a day to prosper and an event of prosperity. It is because during Chinese New Year, red colour is used and red represents happiness, prosperity, and good luck. Children are given red pack, people eat delicacy that represents prosperity like abalone, Yu-Sheng etc, we visit friends and relative which bonds relationship and makes us happy and we exchange oranges as oranges represent gold. During Chinese New Year, we prosper through many ways especially experience thus it makes me thought of Chinese New Year when I saw the word Prosperity.
Money Growth/Good Fortune meaning the growth in the monetary term is prosperity as money is an essential item in life for you to buy items that you either need or want and it gives you happiness. It associates with prosperity as everybody would like to make money and watch their money grow like watching the tree grow. It means that they are doing better in life or the business is doing better as they are earning more. As money defines a person’s status where the richest person can be the one to control their fate and purchase almost anything while the poorest person has no choice but to work for others. Therefore, I thought of Money Growth/Good Fortune when I saw the word Prosperity.
Growth in terms of knowledge of self, knowledge and skills, mental growth, health and personal etc is associate with prosperity as we are growing as a person daily and we are prospering every day. We get to learn something new and we grow as a person thus we are gaining and getting better. Growth gives life and life should be treated like prosperity as we can do things, we can make a change and we are alive. Thus, I thought of Growth when I saw the word Prosperity.
Relationship in terms of harmonious relationship is associate with prosperity as when in a relationship that brings joy and harmony, the people involved will be in happiness and as said happy people bring joy to people around them. Harmonious relationships tend to last a lifetime and it connects people around them too. We look after one another and supports one another thus prospering. Thus, I thought of Relationship when I saw the word Prosperity.
Michel Foucault 'Discipline' + 'Punish'
My notion of ‘Discipline’ + ‘Punish’ is something unpleasant yet very commonly seen and heard in our lives as it always teaches us to be a better person. Often in relation to human, we are always in a disciplinary state as once rule is applied, we follow and unless we are breaking the rules, we are unconsciously being disciplined already. In a country, there’s its own set of rules and similarly to schools and homes. As for punishing, as a child, being canned or to stand along the corridor will be considered a punishment by parents and teachers. As an adult, being punished is a more serious case as it involves outsiders like police and jail or getting fired from work. Being punished in the human context is using an action to force teach one something and turn one into a better person. In the spatial context, discipline is how objects are placed and space is created to guide users through space. Punish is when space shows how unnatural and not the common space like space being tight and cause people to get Claustrophobia etc.
Various modes of ‘Torture’ are 1. Constantly using object/equipment to hit and torture one. 2. Restricting one from doing something they desired to do so much. 3. Mental torture where others threaten one or putting stress on one mentally. 4. Constantly pushing one forward beyond their limits even if they can’t seem to do it. Consequences of ‘Torture’ for 1. It causes physical damages to them and might cause death or injury / In the modern world some will think it’s a pleasure. 2. Causes one to rebel and make one want to continue doing the thing they desired to do even more. 3. Either cause mental disorder or always be in the state of fear. 4. Might cause a strain on one's body and mind and might cause them to lose/be afraid of what they are doing. Application of my discussion in relation local / Singaporean context is that these physical tortures are usually done to not be in the eyes of others. For example, being tortured behind doors at home, unseen from others, canned by parents and being tortured in jail. In modern Singapore context, it is more mental torture as one tend to have stress from many things in their lives either by others, themselves or by the work they do.
Various instruments that may be used to ‘Punish’ are belts, canes, slippers, hand, and rope for example. Consequences of ‘Punishment’ of the soul and the body is causing physical and mental damage which is similar to the paragraph written above. The soul is that it will leave a bad /good memory depending on the situation and ‘Punishment’ and enact into the mind of one being punished. The body is that it might be physically injured that will leave scars and marks that will not be erasable or cause one to have a phobia to the instrument or be fearful of the punisher. Depending on how one sees the thing, there is such a thing as ‘gentle punishment’. Some punishment considered ‘gentle punishment’ are not using physical punishment and confiscation of personal loved item. The application of my discussion in relation to local or Singaporean context is that parents use caning to hit young children to ‘teach’ them right from wrong at a young age as using these punishment works better when young. In schools, if one does grave mistake, they receive public canning so others will learn from one and one will be so humiliated that they will forever remember and not do it again. As one is older, punishment takes place in court and jail and for non-serious cases, is their prize possession being taken away. In this case, for ‘Punish’ there are now professionals that take over and are trained to punish, thus it is executed properly and not based on mere accusations.
A panopticon is a tower with a guard watching inmates in a cell but not vice versa and thus use as a way of discipline to disciplining the inmates. In the Singaporean context, there are CCTVs everywhere that watches the action of all people in Singapore so that they will follow the rules and not commit a crime and if they do, there is evidence that can be used against their words. Another example is during an examination, the examiner will walk around the classroom and hall to supervise the students to keep them from cheating and talking during an exam.
The connotations of the 6 given images in relation to Foucault’s notion of ‘Discipline + Punish’ are that everything is being implemented into people’s mind that it should be orderly and there is a designated location for one to use and one to be at instead of everything being a mess. For the image of children lining up, they are being taught to stand in 2 straight lines and should not get out of the line, the mailbox which is designated for each household to get their personal mails from, hospital bed apart and assigned so doctors and nurses will know each patient’s conditions and the help they need, juice box stacked neatly so people can differentiate which brands and easily grab ones they want/need, army men being orderly so orders will not be messed up and worker sitting in their designated sit so they can work properly and orderly. The application of my discussion in relation to local / Singaporean context is that everything we do is very orderly as in the modern world, we grew up and adapted to such circumstances. It is done so everything is orderly and things will be passed to the right person with less to no delays and becoming a habit for people of Singapore. In a company there are departments, in school students are assigned positions and tables and as a citizen, we assign an identity that defines and proves ourselves. We follow rules thus being disciplined as we are afraid of punishments. Also, with things orderly, it is easier to follow through and less mess in return.
The connotation of the 2 images of a wooden ruler and a tree tied to a rod to prevent fall in relation to local / Singaporean context is that a wooden ruler is often associate to school where one gets educated. In some situation, wooden rulers are used by the teacher to punish students like smacking it on their hand etc. Many will say that a tree is associated with growth just like a human but a tree will grow bigger and stronger but a tree can be cut down and be made into the wooden ruler. This evokes a feeling of torture to the tree as part of it is being chopped down to make something. Also, since it is being tied to a rod and supposedly to allow it to grow better but maybe to a tree, it’s like disciplining it as it restricts tree to grow sideways or any other way it initially wanted to. In addition, tree roots are stuck to one place and in the human context, they might think that they are in prison as they could not travel outside that spot.
The Matrix
The dominant regime is The Matrix and its power source is the machine, computer as well as the human mind. The movie said that the real world is in the 22nd century but The Matrix is in the 21st century. The Matrix is a computer-generated dream world and its real is because of how the brain interpreted the signals. Humans are grown by Artificial Intelligence as AI are machine and they found the energy to grow human instead of being born so that human can change to become a battery. The Matrix treats humans like slaves as there are rules to abide by and it prisons their mind. The real world only continued to exist because of one man that managed to be born in The Matrix when The Matrix was first built. That one man managed to save a few that is currently living the real world. In addition, the real world was wiped as a celebration that brings all human beings to celebrate the birth of AI that spawned the entire race of machines thus creating The Matrix.
In the movie, within The Matrix is shows the life of people living in Utopia while in the real world, it has already become a Dystopia state. The Matrix depicts how people live with machines and are abiding by the rules that create a Utopia state. People living in the dream world called The Matrix thinks that everything is in control, it will always be peace if life goes on without any other things happening, they believe they are protected and believe it is the real world. While in the real world, it is all a mess and everything is wrong. Buildings and environment are dark like an apocalypse happened. Things do not go the way one wanted but their lives have been determined by technologies that will provide the perfect living condition for them.
The idea of a Utopia in a Dystopia is where everything has gone wrong but, that wrong creates its ideal state that one imagines it to be. Both Utopia and Dystopia are fantasy and science fiction imagined by humans where technologies are being used to create perfect living conditions in the future. Thus, even if it is in the state of Dystopia where everything is dark, injustice and people are suffering, if citizens don’t really know things and are unknowingly being controlled, they will think they are living peacefully. Therefore, creating a Utopia.
There were modes of operations that maintained ‘control’. The modes of operations that maintained ‘control’ were the computer and machines. The AIs are machines and it controls the computer that generates the dream world The Matrix which then also control the human mind inside The Matrix. They control the human mind to think that it’s real and have it programmed so the real world people are dangerous and are supposed to be rid. In the real world, modes of operations that maintained ‘control’ are a computer and a human. It is called the construct where humans get connected to The Matrix and someone guides and assist them in the real world like helping insert information into them etc.
Elysium
The dominant regime is Elysium and its power source is the computer data and technology. Elysium is located in the space and is a spacecraft world that is located just right beside earth. Elysium is for the rich and only Elysium citizens can access the facilities and healthcare. Elysium citizens have an engraved identity on their arms for machines to identify them that gives them unlimited access to technology in Elysium. Elysium has the best healthcare technology that can cure all illness and even reconstruction to the body which allow one to survive forever therefore seen in the film how most of its citizens look so young and healthy. Also, as seen in the movie, Max and friends were able to hack into the Elysium data which eventually open Elysium citizenship to all. The machine with data was able to detect anyone whose ill and eventually treated everyone on earth by sending its advance healthcare technology.
In the movie, Elysium is a Utopian state while the earth is a Dystopian state. In terms of looks, Elysium looks super technology-infused with fresh air and clean environment as compared to earth which is filled destructions, pollution and dirt. Living condition in Elysium seemed so peaceful, classy with machines served and treating them while people on Earth are struggling to live and have to follow rules or else they will get beaten by the machines. Elysium citizens are living their life knowing that they will not grow old, suffer from illness and get immediate treatment if anything happened. Earth, on the other hand, have people that are constantly suffering from illness and dying too.
Although Elysium seemed like a perfect world, little is known that it is a Utopia in a Dystopia state as its politics has many flaws, for example, its defence secretary wanted control over both earth and Elysium thus wanting to overthrow the earth. In the process, others got to know about the information and wanted to make it theirs like the president, Kurt then Max and friends. Thus, the hunger for more power in Elysium caused many deaths and presented how minds can be so evil.
Rabbit-Proof Fence
The sort of State represented in the Rabbit-Proof Fence film is the difference between the human races in Western Australia. Races like the White, Aboriginal race and the “half-castes”. The state is portrayed in a way that living conditions are tough for the Aboriginal and “half-castes” and Whites have "half-castes" trained to be their domestic servants and labourers.
Measures of Control depicted in the film is the AO Neville believes that the pureblood Aboriginal race is going to extinct soon, thus the “half-castes” like the 3 girls in the film are to be removed from their families to prevent marriages and extinction of the pureblood race. To achieve no “half-castes”, they must be bred out of existence, thus having them to marry the White people and the Aboriginal’s blood in their kids and the generations to come will slowly disappear. The State maintains its control by finding and removing all the “half-castes” from their families. They then send to them to Moore River to be trained as domestic servants and labourers and eventually marrying the White people. Discipline managed by having the “half-castes” of similar age group to stay and grow up together, then to follow rules in the Moore River Native Settlement like waking up early and clean by the place etc. They will be trained as the Whites’ domestic servants and labourers and it's said that it is a better life for the “half-castes”. They are not allowed to go outside or escape and if they do, they will risk getting caught by Moodoo and get physical punishment in the tiny house. There is ‘Power’ as the power are the Whites where they are able to forcefully remove the “half-castes” from their families and create this settlement to train them into being domestic servants. In addition, they are using this ‘Power’ to reduce and eventually try to eliminate the “half-castes” blood.
The sort of society depicted is Utopia living in Dystopia state/condition. It is a Utopia as people strive to live on and to stay together but it is a Dystopia as living conditions are not well. The people live in a place where it is dry and hot and they are always on the lookout as they are always afraid of being caught especially the “half-castes”. The living conditions are like showering in the open, finding food from the wild and always dirty.
ESSAY
There has long been a disagreement about whether the old should be sacrificed to make way for the new as the new represents progress that could bring improvement. Pragmatists often engage in this discussion from an economic point of view, while conservatives often argue that the social and cultural value of old values of old thing, ideas and beliefs and even people need to be more seriously considered before they are dismissed or discarded.
In the Singapore society, more often than not, places do not exhibit traces of history and memory and therefore it seems imperative to determine space and time for the future given the compact landscape that we have. Thus, it would seem ideal to destruct places with negligible significance to pave way for future needs and wants. People who are more incline to preserving the old, argue that the value that heritage sites have is intangible and cannot be measure against the potential gains that alternative plans for the heritage site can bring. Yet, it is impractical to retain every heritage site, due to greater demand for land in most common areas, leading to necessary expansion of infrastructure. Thus, decision-makers have to consider emotional attachment, understanding and appreciation of heritage sites, as well as the potential for adaptive reuse and the integration of new and old elements.
“The way that a person perceives and experiences the landscape they encounter is the result of a range of cultural processes and narratives, a spectrum of landscape ‘activity”[i]
This shows that if a place contains and creates no memory, it will not evoke people’s feelings, leaving people to feel unattached. However, in actual fact, it does contribute to memory and history-making. Furthermore, it is important to retain such historical places as it strengthens our sense of belonging, preventing cultural dilution.
Even though these places do not showcase rich sense of history and memory, it’s still not a crucial factor in determining space and time for the future. A critic once said, “Unbranded space is still possible”[ii]. Although a place has negligible history, it might contain hidden resources / unknown factors that may change the course of future. An unbranded space symbolises that our future is volatile and unpredictable, it gives us the freedom to imagine and create for the future.
However, most of our land has been claimed and redeveloped, leaving us only with reclaimed land as places that do not exhibit history, which are specifically created for future use. For example, Marina Bay (Fig. 1) and Tuas (Fig. 2) being used for used for popular tourist attractions and industrial zoning respectively. While both places are significant in their own ways for driving our economy, the contrast between them is the human crowd in these places. The significance of these places are subjective with the number of people holding it dear to their hearts. However, it makes a huge difference as if the place is regarded with significant value, land space cannot simply be destroyed to pave way for new development.
From this, a project can reveal its ‘roots’, which gives an insight as to the constitution of its growth around its environment through time and trust. Through time, we can see how the project develops into and it affirms us that the idea is plausible. We may initially reserve doubts, but through trust, we give the developers confidence to realise the project’s intent. For example, well established regions in Singapore such as Tampines (Fig. 3) and Orchard (Fig. 4) shopping malls, have shown that with trust, an incorporation of both the history and future needs can be achieved.
With that said, a design project can encompass both historical value and future wants despite natural evolution of culture. Such can be done so by the following ways. 1. Retain its architecture 2. Create a museum-like space that talks about history and with events 3. Create a common denominator.
“the notion of memory, more practised than theorized, has been used to denote very different things, which nonetheless share a topical common denominator: the ways in which people construct a sense of the past”[i]
In Singapore, notable design projects that balance place, space, memory includes our HDBs (Fig 5 & 6), National Gallery Singapore Supreme Court (Fig. 7) and Clarke Quay (Fig. 8) etc. In the past, HDBs were built solely to accommodate the rising population as well as to clear slums and redevelop urban settlements (Fig. 9). However, HDB now develops estates into neighbourhoods with “its own set of facilities”[ii], allowing quality living, ownership of HDB flats and create sense of identity within HDB towns (Fig. 10). Clarke Quay for example used to be where people lived and trade materials next to a heavily polluted river. However, in today society, the river has been cleaned up and it houses a vibrant nightlife each night for many visitors as well as housing many famous eateries.
Furthermore, in Singapore, the strong emotional attachment people can have to heritage sites was also pronounce during the announcement of the impending demolition of old buildings, such as MacDonald at King Albert park or the Woodlands town centre were met with protest from many Singaporeans whose memories of their formative world are intertwine with these sites.
Although it differs from the past, the essence of the past remains especially within its architectures. Despite these places having different functions compared to what they were used are for, its memories remain and continue to tell its story through its atmosphere.
Just like any other country, Singapore has a unique identity that allows us to feel a sense of belonging. Cultures unique to our society includes our local language ‘Singlish’ (Fig. 11), dinning space – Hawker centres, living space – HDBs, transportation – MRT and attractions – Jewel etc. These are some things designed uniquely for Singapore. Although our design ideas come from different countries, when combined, it forms a design specifically catered to Singapore, forming our cosmopolitan city. As Singapore moves forward, the design also changes with time and the identity is easily identified.
However, despite us putting in our best efforts to retain our local identity, we still lost part of our culture. For example, to establish a first world society in our country, the government encourages our people to constantly speak mother tongue and English at home. (Fig. 12) Campaigns to push for such movements often came with slogans such as “Speak more Mandarin and less Dialect” (1979) (Fig. 13) and thus, in today’s context, dialects are less spoken. To upgrade our nation into a developed one, street hawkers were deemed unclean and overpopulated, kampong and slums were deemed clustered and hazardous. Therefore, changes has been made such as having all hawkers have to move into a hawker centre with a license and forcing people to move into HDB flats causing us to simultaneously lose our street hawker culture and kampung spirit.
A ‘typical’ space in the interiority of a typical Singaporean interior space in this modern world is bright, organised, nature-inspired, contemporary and shared. It is because Singapore has a clean and green vision to be a city that is prosperous, liveable and sustainable. This will then attract investors and visitors to invest in Singapore. Besides, a clean and green city will allow its citizens to feel happier and more relaxed, encouraging us to pick up an active lifestyle.
In an interior space, Singapore is known to be constantly brightly lighted no matter the time of the day. The use of glass panels/windows allows natural lighting, enhancing its aesthetics. For example, Marina Bay Sands (Fig. 14). To encourage greenery giving a nature inspired atmosphere, we have our Jewel (Fig. 15) that is nature-inspired fused with technology. These greeneries are infused to soften concrete walls as well as to give a ‘City in a Garden’ look that Singapore strives to achieve. Jewel contains about 2000 trees and palms and over 100,000 shrubs that were chosen based on its ability to thrive within Jewel. They are strategically placed to create a valley surrounded by an indoor forest encompassing waterfalls, mist clouds and outdoor dining vibe. Interior spaces can also be contemporary yet shared such as Funan (Fig. 16) (tech-savvy & with cycling tracks) and as mentioned above, this is because Singapore is always advancing thus, we make full use of every space we have.
In a typical Singaporean life, ‘space’ of memory are places where we experience growth and changes through time as one. Such places are commonly shared among us as we have similar childhood and growth processes. As we evolve along with the rest of the world, our lives and environment constantly changes to suit the lifestyle in the contemporary world. For example, people would say “oh I live in the ’90s, as a teenager, I played at the void deck/at the longkang” (Fig. 17) while younger generation would say “I played at the playground/I played in the VR world”. (Fig. 18)
All in all, no two cultures are the same and thus being uniquely Singapore is essential in preventing cultural dilution in our society. Therefore, it is critical to always embrace both our past and future needs to cultivate our culture and it can be done so by incorporating it into our developments.
SEMINAR - ECONOMICS - UTOPIA
This is a group seminar project done by me and my fellow mates. It is about Utopia, Dystopia, Dadaism, Surrealism, Matter and Memory in relation to Economics. Using a single image with relation to Singapore and Spatially, describe the images and co-relate them to the topics. Gaining more understanding and depth of knowledge learnt and use it in our Final Year Projects.
In Singapore, the monthly education fees for all Singaporeans students, regardless of socioeconomic status, is FOC (Free-of-Charge) for primary levels.
On the other hand, the monthly school fees for Singaporean students in secondary levels is $5.
Cargo ships represented in this image show that the country kept connections with other countries, where they would do trading and importing goods. To boost the economy, a country has to depend on the outside world.
Additionally, trading with other countries significantly increases our standard of living, GDP, and domestic wealth of the country.
Regardless of any individual, as long as one pays the one-time ticket, they are entitled to experience all of the rides available in Universal Studio Singapore (USS) for the entire day.
In relation to economy, besides the one-time ticket option, there is also an option for purchasing season and annual passes.
In this satellite image of Singapore, our sunny island is a Utopia that is protected from the outside environment. The city is sheltered by surrounding waters, henceforth reducing the likelihood of natural disasters from striking the country.
Economic-wise, because there is no major danger, there would be any damages caused to significant infrastructures such as buildings and highway roads.
Shopping malls are a place of Utopia as it is a one-stop space where you can get almost anything and everything. It provides a wide coverage of necessities in different categories.
Overtime, people tend to visit malls frequently because with more income, they are granted higher purchasing power, which then fluctuates the economy.
SEMINAR - ECONOMICS - DYSTOPIA
This is a group seminar project done by me and my fellow mates. It is about Utopia, Dystopia, Dadaism, Surrealism, Matter and Memory in relation to Economics. Using a single image with relation to Singapore and Spatially, describe the images and co-relate them to the topics. Gaining more understanding and depth of knowledge learnt and use it in our Final Year Projects.
Donations are common for funding facilities in the church.
However, for City Harvest Church, there was a case where the founders were charged for the biggest Criminal Breach of Trust case in Singapore for misusing the church funds for their own interests rather than for the public interests.
Even hospitals have economical classes.
The richer the person is, the better the accommodation and treatment is as compared to the poor.
The house’s pricing increases over the years, the size of the apartment (in terms of square feet) are starting to decrease.
Hence, the house owners will have to keep working so that they can pay off the house loans until the day it ended.
Wet Market is free market
where items are sold at unfixed rates set by the store owners.
It is also a place where people can bargain its price and receive friendly services from stall owners, if they patronise regularly.
This is a surrealism representation.
As seen in the image, there is a line of businessmen and the white structure that looks like a white house that can be represented as the government.
Whereas, the stock market on the left, could be a representation of the economy of the society.
The tree in the middle could mean the finances of the state.
SEMINAR - ECONOMICS - MATTER & MEMORY
This is a group seminar project done by me and my fellow mates. It is about Utopia, Dystopia, Dadaism, Surrealism, Matter and Memory in relation to Economics. Using a single image with relation to Singapore and Spatially, describe the images and co-relate them to the topics. Gaining more understanding and depth of knowledge learnt and use it in our Final Year Projects.
Djitsun Mall used to be Princess Cinema although they are both cinema but they are presented in different ways.
Personally I always been there to have McDonalds but now I go there for Cinema the same place but a different purpose.
Getai used to be an industry loved by Singaporeans of the past but now its a dying trend due to lack of interest in the younger generations as well as the lack of business opportunity that it is slowly disappearing.
In the past, I used to watch getai with my grandparents, it is always filled with large crowds of audience but now one can rarely see any business in getai industry.
SIA (Singapore Airlines) has always represent Singapore on a global scale as it helps to stimulate trades, boost tourism and assert our sovereignty. SIA is important to Singapore’s economy as it contributes to about 192,000 jobs and about 5% of Singapore’s GDP. However due to the covid situation, many employees lost their job as SIA continues to suffer from economic losses.
In the past, I take the SIA as a flight to other countries, however now I can only sign up for dining in SIA.
Lucky Plaza is the most visited place by domestic workers and constructions workers but due to safety distancing many business are affect which in turn decreases the sales.
In the past, we are able to walk freely into it but now, the amount of people who can go in is limited and some days you can’t even enter.
People go to concerts for experience. To get the tickets for the front rows, people usually have to pay more than the amount for the back rows seats.
I remember the sensorial elements such as colour-changing lighting for different songs, special stage effects, and fireworks during some performances.
In the past, there is no bluetooth colour-changing lightstick. However, as technology advances, lightsticks are widely used to enjoy the maximum concert experience.
Completed in 1980, the old Shaw Brothers-owned cinema located in Woodlands Town Centre was one of the earliest cineplexes in Singapore. My parents would often drive to this place and watch movies.
However, with the decline of visitors (loss of economic), the cinema finally ceased operations in the mid-2000s and has been vacant since.
As a primary school student, there was a mamashop located near the school where I will frequently buy snacks from with my friends after school.
Nowadays, it is a rare sight to spot a mamashop in the void decks at HDBs. The number of mamashops are decreasing over the years, which could be caused by economic losses (lesser customers, unable to self-sustain business).
However, the memories of buying cheap candies and sharing them with my friends still holds dear to me, even after many years have passed.
Many secondary schools have disappeared over the years by the form of Merger.
An example out of many is the Choon Boon Secondary and Yio Chu Kang Secondary merger. The rapidly decreasing amount of student have caused economy to decline therefore causing mergers to take place.
Imagine losing a place you spend 4-5 years in. The memories that you spend in a certain place is demolished and you can't visit your school and reminisce anymore.
I have spent almost my entire childhood in AMK along with my mother and grandmother living there for more than 25 years before we moved.There was so many memories made in that one HDB flat.
However, due to the 99 year lease, the flats will be given back to the state so that the government can redeveloped the land and build newer flats for the future. This allows the economy to grow.
Which infers that after the lease is over, the HDB flat would be demolished so are the memories.
When i was young, I remember being brought to the sungei road flea market, also known as the thieves market by my grandmother once a month.
However the thieves were closed down in 2017, with government authorities reclaiming the land for "future residential development" which is for the economy.
Even though, the many vendors were relocated, you would never get the feeling of walked down the road with vendors shouting to sell their items ever again.
References
(Week 1 - Dutchness)
Amazing Places (5/6/14) Supertree Grove, Singapore (image) Available at: https://www.amazingplacesonearth.com/supertree-grove-singapore/ [Accessed: 27 April 2020]
CLEO - Adora Wong (3/5/19) Can You Afford A HDB Flat If You’re 35 And Single? (image) Available at; https://www.cleo.com.sg/adulting/afford-hdb-35-single/ [Accessed: 27 April 2020]
Dezeen - Alice Morby [Today Online (20/10/15) Dutch Design Week returns to Eindhoven for 2015 edition (image) Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/20/dutch-design-week-returns-to-eindhoven-for-2015-edition/ [Accessed: 27 April 2020]
Flickr - Richard__Fulcher (30/11/17) Singapore Supertrees (image) Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/72047672@N04/40348115074 [Accessed: 27 April 2020]
The New Savvy - Anna V. Haotanto (17/3/15) 3 Types of Public Housing in Singapore (image) Available at: https://thenewsavvy.com/spend/property/public-housing-in-singapore/ [Accessed: 27 April 2020]
Youtube - Uberlex (21/2/13) Dutchness, the Dutch design documentary Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6Ohc5qYosw [Accessed: 26 April 2020]
(Week 2 - Santiago Calatrava)
Architectural Digest - NAUSHEEN NOOR & JUMANA ABDEL-RAZZAQ (26/3/20) Five Santiago Calatrava projects that are timeless gems (image) Available at: https://www.admiddleeast.com/5-inspiring-santiago-calatrava-projects [Accessed: 3 May 2020]
Architects’ Journal – Laura Mark (7/2/17) Calatrava: ‘Peninsula Place will not go over budget’ (image) Available at:
https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/calatrava-peninsula-place-will-not-go-over-budget/10017075.article [Accessed: 3 May 2020]
Design Wanted (7/5/16) A museum to explore humankind topics Available at: https://designwanted.com/architecture/museum-tomorrow-santiago-calatrava/ [Accessed: 3 May 2020]
Detail (18/7/13) The Perfect Wave: New High Speed Train Station in Italy Available at: https://www.detail-online.com/article/the-perfect-wave-new-high-speed-train-station-in-italy-16571/ [Accessed: 3 May 2020]
Youtube - Nowness (26/12/16) Architect Santiago Calatrava Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9qSRbUDWEI [Accessed: 3 May 2020]
Youtube – ArchDaily (15/9/15) ArchDaily Interviews: Santiago Calatrava Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9qSRbUDWEI [Accessed: 3 May 2020]
(Week 3 - Peter Zumthor Interview: Different Kinds of Silence)
ArchDaily – Gili Merin (2014) Peter Zumthor: Seven Personal Observations on Presence In Architecture Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/452513/peter-zumthor-seven-personal-observations-on-presence-in-architecture?ad_medium=gallery [Accessed: 10 May 2020]
ArchDaily – David Baulto (2011) Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2011 / Peter Zumthor Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/146392/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2011-peter-zumthor [Accessed: 10 May 2020]
ArchDaily (2009) The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals [Accessed: 10 May 2020]
Encyclopaedia Britannica - John Zukowsky (22/4/20) Peter Zumthor Swiss Architect (image) Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Zumthor [Accessed: 7 May 2020]
Youtube – Louisiana Channel (30/11/15) Peter Zumthor Interview: Different Kinds of Silence Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lufVOqRWpLQ [Accessed: 7 May 2020]
(Week 4 - Daniel Libeskind Interview: The Voices of a Site)
Harvard Business Review – Alison Beard (2018) Life’s Work: An Interview with Daniel Libeskind (image) Available at: https://hbr.org/2018/07/lifes-work-an-interview-with-daniel-libeskind [Accessed: 12 May 2020]
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Studio Libeskind (2001) JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN Berlin, Germany Available at: https://libeskind.com/work/jewish-museum-berlin/ [Accessed: 12 May 2020]
Youtube – Louisiana Channel (24/5/18) Daniel Libeskind Interview: The Voices of a Site Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pWov-9PMNQ [Accessed: 12 May 2020]
(Week 5 - Abstract: The Art of Design | Bjarke Ingels: Architecture)
ArchDaily (2010) 8 House / BIG Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/83307/8-house-big [Accessed: 20 May 2020]
ArchDaily (2009) Mountain Dwelling / PLOT = BIG + JDS Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/15022/mountain-dwellings-big [Accessed: 20 May 2020]
Dezeen – Iwan Baan (2020) Bjarke Ingels (image) Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/dezeenhotlist/2016/bjarke-ingels/ [Accessed: 20 May 2020]
Youtube – Netflix (17/4/20) Abstract: The Art of Design | Bjarke Ingels: Architecture | FULL EPISODE | Netflix Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKeFCd1j5BE&t=1173s [Accessed: 19 May 2020]
(Week 6 - Influencers The Pritzker Architecture Prize Wang Shu And Lu Wenyu, Amateur Architecture)
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ArchDaily – Kenneth Framptoon (2017) Kenneth Frampton On The Work of Wang Shu and Lu Wenyu Available at:
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Design Anthology (2020) Amateur Architecture https://design-anthology.com/story/amateur-architecture [Accessed: 26 May 2020]
Dezeen – Amy Frearson (28/2/12) Key Projects by Wang Shu Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2012/02/28/key-projects-by-wang-shu/ [Accessed: 26 May 2020]
Dezeen – Anna Winston (14/6/16) Wang Shu and Lu Wenyu to deliver Royal Academy Annual Architecture Lecture 2016 (image) Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/06/14/wang-shu-lu-wenyu-royal-academy-annual-architecture-lecture-2016-london/ [Accessed: 26 May 2020]
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Youtube – Richard Hsu (2/8/16) Cities should learn from villages - Wang Shu 王澍 Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt9L5vWRt3U [Accessed: 26 May 2020]
(Week 7 - Frank Lloyd Wright Man Who Built America)
ArchDaily – Adelyn Perez (2010) AD Classics: Fallingwater House / Frank Lloyd Wright (image) Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/60022/ad-classics-fallingwater-frank-lloyd-wright [Accessed: 7 June 2020]
ArchDaily – Adelyn Perez (2010) AD Classics: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum / Frank Lloyd Wright Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/60392/ad-classics-solomon-r-guggenheim-museum-frank-lloyd-wright [Accessed: 7 June 2020]
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Dezeen – Eleanor Gibson (7/6/17) Frank Lloyd Wright integrate architecture into nature at Fallingwater (image) Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/06/07/fallingwater-frank-lloyd-wright-pennsylvania-house-usa-150th-birthday/ [Accessed: 7 June 2020]
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(CA1 - T1 Research)
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Heightened Development – Chamlee Loscuito (2020) 8 Steps to Creating Change (image) Available at: https://heightenedevelopment.com/wwwheightenedevelopmentcom8stepstocreatingchange/ [Accessed: 21 June 2020]
If Only Singaporeans Stopped to Think (2/2/13) Land Use Plan (image) Available at: https://ifonlysingaporeans.blogspot.com/2013/02/land-use-plan.html [Accessed: 21 June 2020]
IOS Press (1/9/16) Modeling the relationship between the environment and human experiences (image) Available at: https://content.iospress.com/articles/work/wor2374 [Accessed: 21 June 2020]
Kingscliff Design (21/6/16) sustainable design word cloud 1 (image) Available at: https://2016kingsliffgraphicdesign.wordpress.com/2016/06/21/green-graphic-design/sustainable-design-word-cloud1/ [Accessed: 21 June 2020]
Kingwatch (2020) What is a person (image) Available at: http://kingwatch.co.nz/Church_Ministry/person.htm [Accessed: 21 June 2020]
Medium – Peter Lewis (13/6/18) Responsibility without Territory (image) Available at: ahttps://medium.com/capitalonedesign/responsibility-without-territory-65501c807f80 [Accessed: 21 June 2020]
2 Green Energy (10/6/14) From Guest Blogger Dana: How to Make a Sustainable Home (image) Available at: http://www.2greenenergy.com/2014/06/10/sustainable-home/ [Accessed: 21 June 2020]
(Week 10 - Semiotics)
Capitaland (2020) Bedok Residences (image) Available at: https://www.capitaland.com/sg/en/stay/residential-development-listing/bedok-residences.html#menu-lang-main [Accessed: 27 June 2020]
Capitaland (2020) Bedok Residences and Bedok Mall (image) Available at: https://www.capitaland.com/international/en/find-a-property/global-property-listing/integrateddevelopment-urbandevelopment/bedok-residences-and-bedok-mall.html [Accessed: 27 June 2020]
Ephraim Blog (10/8/11) Happy 46th Birthday Singapore (image) Available at: http://ephraim.blogspot.com/2011/08/happy-46th-birthday-singapore-so-there.html [Accessed: 27 June 2020]
MSNEWS – Mavis Lee (9/8/19) 6 Beautiful Shots Of Singapore Flags That’ll Awaken The Patriot In You For National Day (image) Available at: https://mustsharenews.com/singapore-flags-national-day/ [Accessed: 27 June 2020]
People’s Association (8/8/17) Mark Singapore's 52nd birthday with pride at our Community National Day Celebrations (image) Available at: https://www.pa.gov.sg/newsroom/news/detail/Mark-Singapore-s-52nd-birthday-with-pride-at-our-Community-National-Day-Celebrations [Accessed: 27 June 2020]
Prudential (2020) Plan Your Financial Independence (image) Available at: https://www.prudential.com.sg/products/promotions/nationaldaypromo [Accessed: 27 June 2020]
ResearchGate – Shen Xu (2013) Figure 1 – uploaded by Shen Xu (image) Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Semiosis-as-a-process-of-semiotic-activity-Liu-2000_fig1_264195542 [Accessed: 27 June 2020]
The Straits Time (2/8/19) Give everyone a fair chance at attending National Day Parade (image) Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/forum/letters-in-print/give-everyone-a-fair-chance-at-attending-national-day-parade [Accessed: 27 June 2020]
Youtube – CNA (18/8/19) [LIVE HD] National Day Rally 2019 (image) Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zg40Wz9fjbA [Accessed: 27 June 2020]
(Week 11 - Deconstruction Derrida)
Bliss Saigon (2016) “Prosperity Documentary” – Can we use business to better the planet? (image) Available at: https://blisssaigon.com/prosperity-the-documentary-wich-can-help-us-change-the-planet/ [Accessed: 30 June 2020]
Khaosod English (22/1/20) WELCOME 2020 WITH FOOD OF PROSPERITY AT PAGODA CHINESE RESTAURANT, BANGKOK MARRIOTT MARQUIS QUEEN’S PARK (image) Available at: https://www.khaosodenglish.com/sponsored/2020/01/22/welcome-2020-with-food-of-prosperity-at-pagoda-chinese-restaurant-bangkok-marriott-marquis-queens-park/ [Accessed: 30 June 2020]
NSAA Noonan Syndrome Awareness Association (13/6/17) THE CHALLENGES OF PARENTING A CHILD WITH A RARE DISEASE (image) Available at: https://noonansyndrome.com.au/the-challenges-of-parenting-a-child-with-a-rare-disease/ [Accessed: 30 June 2020]
Romania-Insider.com (26/11/19) RO Treasury raises more money than planned with bond issue (image) Available at: https://www.romania-insider.com/treasury-eur-220-mln-bonds-nov-2019 [Accessed: 30 June 2020]
Vector Stock (2020) Happy chinese new year decoration traditional vector image (image) Available at: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/happy-chinese-new-year-decoration-traditional-vector-19710588 [Accessed: 30 June 2020]
Youtube - Then & Now (25/8/17) Understanding Derrida, Deconstruction & Of Grammatology (image) Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKJlSY0DBBA [Accessed: 30 June 2020]
(Week 12 - Michel Foucault 'Displine' + 'Punish')
Critical Theory – Eugene Wolters (8/2/13) MORE DETAILS EMERGE ABOUT LOST FOUCAULT LECTURES (image) Available at: http://www.critical-theory.com/more-details-emerge-about-lost-foucault-lectures/ [Accessed: 13 July 2020]
The Crazy (2/11/28) Mobile Took By Professor In Lecture (image) Available at: https://thecrazy.in/mobile-took-by-professor-in-lecture/ [Accessed: 13 July 2020]
Today Online – Low YouJin (11/2/19) Not feasible to mark GCE-level exam scripts locally: Ong Ye Kung (image) Availabole at: https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/not-feasible-have-gce-level-examinations-marked-locally-ong-ye-kung [Accessed: 13 July 2020]
(Week 13 - The Matrix)
BYTESIDE – Seamus Byrne (1/4/19) The Matrix 20 years on: how a sci-fi film tackled big philosophical questions (image) Available at: https://byteside.com/2019/04/the-matrix-20-years-on-how-a-sci-fi-film-tackled-big-philosophical-questions/ [Accessed: 19 July 2020]
TinyZone (30/3/1999) The Matrix Available at: https://tinyzonetv.to/watch-movie/watch-the-matrix-1999-free-19724.1033997 [Accessed: 19 July 2020]
(Week 15 - Elysium)
Ecocinema, Media, and the Environment (5/4/2014) The Limits of Elysium (2013) Available at: http://ecofilmmediaenvironment.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-limits-of-elysium-2013.html [Accessed: 30 July 2020]
TinyZone (7/8/2013) Elysium Available at: https://tinyzonetv.to/movie/watch-elysium-2013-free-18916 [Accessed: 29 July 2020]
(Week 16 -Rabbit-Proof Fence)
TinyZone (4/2/2002) Rabbit-Proof Fence Available at: https://tinyzonetv.to/movie/watch-rabbitproof-fence-2002-free-13597 [Accessed: 5 August 2020]
SBS (12/6/20) Rabbit-Proof Fence Cheat Sheet Available at: https://www.sbs.com.au/movies/article/2015/05/26/rabbit-proof-fence-cheat-sheet [Accessed: 5 August 2020]
(Essay)
Alon Confino, “Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method” (US: The American Historical Review, 1997)
Asia Society (2020) Interview: Introducing Singapore’s Design Identity to the World? Available at: https://asiasociety.org/new-york/interview-introducing-singapores-design-identity-world [Accessed: 18 August 2020]
BBC – Michael Bond (6/6/17) As more of us flock to urban living, city designers are re-thinking buildings’ influence on our moods in an era of “neuro-architecture”. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design [Accessed: 18 August 2020]
Biblioasia (2020) Land From Sand: Singapore’s Reclamation Story Available at: http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblioasia/2017/04/04/land-from-sand-singapores-reclamation-story/ [Accessed: 18 August 2020]
Cheong Koon Hean, “Singapore Chronicles – Public Housing” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2018)
DanielFoodDiary.com (13/4/12) McDonald’s – As we say Goodbye to King Albert Park Available at: https://danielfooddiary.com/2012/04/13/king-albert-park/ [Accessed: 1 January 2021]
Eddie C Y Khoo & Branda Chan, “Singapore Chronicles – Language” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2016)
Houzz (4/8/19) What Makes a Design Singaporean? Available at: https://www.houzz.com.sg/magazine/what-makes-a-design-singaporean-stsetivw-vs~71057367 [Accessed: 18 August 2020]
Kenneth Er & Leong Chee Chiew & Khoo Teng Chye & Joseph Hui, “Singapore Chronicles – Environment” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2015)
Kennie Ting, “Singapore Chronicles – Heritage” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2015)
Khoo Teng Chye, “Urban Systems Studies – Built by Singapore: From Slums to a Sustainable Built Environment” (Singapore, Centre of Liveable Cities, 2015)
Lifestyle Asia – Dewi Nurjuwita (2020) Is there a Singaporean design identity? Chris Lee of Asylum responds Available at: https://www.lifestyleasia.com/sg/culture/architecture/singapore-design-identity-chris-lee-asylum-responds/#:~:text=There%20isn't%20a%20Singaporean,UK%20or%20US%2C%20for%20example.&text=There%20was%20a%20generation%20of%20design%20companies%20during%20that%20period. [Accessed: 18 August 2020]
Maggie Awadalla and Paul March-Russell, “The Postcolonial Short Story – Contemporary Essay” (UK, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
Nicole Porter, “Landscape and Branding – The Promotion and Production of Place” (London & New York: Routledge, 2016)
Normal Vasu & Juhi Ahuja, “Singapore Chronicles – Multiracialism” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2018)
Our SG Heritage (2020) Our SG Heritage Plan Available at: https://www.oursgheritage.sg/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Our-SG-Heritage-Plan-Publication_2.pdf [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew, “The Palgrave Macmillan - A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore” (UK, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)
Remember Singapore (9/12/17) A Final Look at the Old Woodlands Town Centre https://remembersingapore.org/2017/12/09/old-woodlands-town-centre-demolition/ [Accessed: 1 January 2021]
Remy Guo, “Urban Systems Studies – Urban Redevelopment: From Urban Squalor to Global City” (Singapore, Centre of Liveable Cities, 2016)
Roots (2020) Online Exhibitions Available at: https://www.roots.sg/learn/resources/online-exhibitions [Accessed: 18 August 2020]
Selvaraj Velayutham, “Responding to Globalization – Nation, Culture and Identity in Singapore” (Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore, 2007)
The Straits Time – Karamjit Kaur (11/4/19) ‘Foreign’ plants for Jewel’s Gardens took almost 3 years to procure, transport and acclimatise Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/foreign-plants-for-jewels-gardens-took-almost-3-years-to-procure-transport-and [Accessed: 31 December 2020]
Yeoh, Brenda S. A., & Kong, Lily (1996) The Notion of Place in the Construction of History, Nostalgia and Heritage in Singapore. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 17(1), 52-65. Available at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1721
Youtube – Poly Matter (1/5/20) How Singapore Solved Housing Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dBaEo4QplQ [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
MCCY – Elane Tan & Tan Xin Wei Andy (2019) Place-making and Identity in Singapore: The Role of Integrated Planning and Our Built Heritage Available at: https://www.mccy.gov.sg/-/media/Mccy-Ca/Feature/Resources/Journals/Cultural-Connections-Vol-4/8-Ms-Elaine-Tan-and-Mr-Tan-Xin-Wei-Andy.pdf [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Images
Fig. 1 – Facebook – Marina Bay Singapore (18/2/14) [Marina Bay's story over the years] Here's a wonderful collage of images of the land reclamation of Marina Bay from 1970s to the year 2000. Enjoy looking back from Past to Present. (image) Available at: https://www.facebook.com/marinabaysg/posts/marina-bays-story-over-the-years-heres-a-wonderful-collage-of-images-of-the-land/750541958289274/ [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 2 – Penta-Ocean Construction Co. Ltd (2020) Award of Construction Contract for Large-Scale Port Construction Project in Singapore (image) Available at: http://www.penta-ocean.co.jp/english/updates/2018/180301.html [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 3 – SMRT Corporation (2020) Tampines (image) Available at: https://www.smrt.com.sg/Journey-with-Us/Trains/NetworkMap/Tampines [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 4 – dental care @ tanglin (2020) Our Location (image) Available at: http://www.dentalcare.com.sg/files/directions_fluid.html [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 5 – Remember Singapore (6/5/12) construction of bukit ho swee flats 1961 (image) Available at: https://remembersingapore.org/2012/05/11/from-villages-to-flats-part-2/construction-of-bukit-ho-swee-flats-1961/ [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 6 – 99.co – Elizabeth Tan (2018) 5 best estates to rent a HDB flat in Singapore (image) Available at: https://www.99.co/blog/singapore/estates-rent-hdb/ [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 7 – Singapore Airlines (2020) INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE NATIONAL GALLERY SINGAPORE (image) Available at: https://www.singaporeair.com/microsite/global/BPP/spotlight-on-ngs.html [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 8 – Bel around the world (22/9/18) 7 Amazing Transformations That Have Changed The Face Of Singapore (image) Available at: https://www.belaroundtheworld.com/7-amazing-transformations-changed-face-singapore/ [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 9 – Cheong Koon Hean, “Singapore Chronicles – Public Housing” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2018)
Fig. 10 – Cheong Koon Hean, “Singapore Chronicles – Public Housing” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2018)
Fig. 11 – The Tale Weaver – Vani (5/2/18) My Own Singlish Dictionary (image) Available at: http://vaniviswanathan.com/my-own-little-singlish-dictionary/ [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 12 – Eddie C Y Khoo & Branda Chan, “Singapore Chronicles – Language” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2016)
Fig. 13 – Eddie C Y Khoo & Branda Chan, “Singapore Chronicles – Language” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2016)
Fig. 14 – Dezeen – Anna Winston (11/10/14) Moshe Safdie on Marina Bay Sands: a single tower would have been "unbearable" (image) Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/10/11/moshe-safdie-on-marina-bay-sands-habitat-67-skyscrapers-lego/ [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 15 – Mott Macdonald (17/4/19) Official opening of Jewel Changi Airport (Jewel) (image) Available at: https://www.mottmac.com/releases/official-opening-of-jewel-changi-airport-jewel [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 16 – The Straits Time (29/6/19) Funan springs back to life (image) Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/funan-springs-back-to-life [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 17 – Goody Feed – Low Kay Hwa (2020) 20 THINGS 90S KIDS DID THAT KIDS NOWADAYS WOULD CATCH NO BALLS (image) Available at: https://goodyfeed.com/20-things-90s-kids-did-that-kids-nowadays-would-catch-no-balls/ [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
Fig. 18 – Little Day Out (11/7/17) 15 of the Best Outdoor Playgrounds in Singapore (image) Available at: https://www.littledayout.com/15-of-the-best-outdoor-playgrounds-in-singapore/ [Accessed: 19 August 2020]
[i] Alon Confino, “Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method” (US: The American Historical Review, 1997) P.1386
[ii] Nicole Porter, “Landscape and Branding – The Promotion and Production of Place” (London & New York: Routledge, 2016) P.28
[iii] Alon Confino, “Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method” (US: The American Historical Review, 1997) P.1386
[iv] Cheong Koon Hean, “Singapore Chronicles – Public Housing” (Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies & Straits Times Press, 2018) P.23
(Seminar)
Investopedia (9/10/20) Trade Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trade.asp [Accessed: 19 October 2020]
The New Yorker (3/10/16) The Return of the Utopians Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/03/the-return-of-the-utopians [Accessed: 19 October 2020]
Utopia, You are standing in it! (28/9/20) Keynesian Economics Is Wrong…Again Available at: https://utopiayouarestandinginit.com/2020/09/28/keynesian-economics-is-wrong-again/ [Accessed: 19 October 2020]
Elizabeth Tan, 2019. Top 5 Resale Condos You Can Own For Under $800,000 [photograph]. Available at: https://www.99.co/blog/singapore/resale-condos-cheap/ [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
The Economist (29/11/16) 500 years on, are we living in Thomas More’s Utopia? Available at: https://www.economist.com/prospero/2016/12/29/500-years-on-are-we-living-in-thomas-mores-utopia [Accessed: 19 October 2020]
Study.com, n.d. Characteristics of a Utopian Society [online]. Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/characteristics-of-a-utopian-society.html [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Brown, M. (2018). The Future of Shopping Centers - The Robin Report. [online] The Robin Report. Available at: https://www.therobinreport.com/the-future-of-shopping-centers/ [Accessed 10 Nov. 2020].
David Ruccio, 2018. Dystopia and economics [online]. Available at: https://rwer.wordpress.com/2018/11/01/dystopia-and-economics/ [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Mao Shiotsu, 2019. Utopia, Ikea, Dystopia [online]. Available at: https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2019/12/06/utopia-ikea-dystopia/ [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Master Class, 2020. What is dystopian fiction? Learn about the 5 characteristics of dystopian fiction with examples [online]. Available at: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-dystopian-fiction-learn-about-the-5-characteristics-of-dystopian-fiction-with-examples#characteristics-of-dystopian-fiction-government-control [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Dystopian Literature, n.d. Types of Dystopian Literature [online]. Available at: https://dystopianyaliterature.weebly.com/common-themes.html [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Clare Hurley, 2006. No nonsense about dada [online]. Available at: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2006/09/dada-s18.html [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Robert Kuttner, 2001. Market, State, and Dystopia [online]. Available at: https://prospect.org/labor/market-state-dystopia/ [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Cakyz, 2015. 23 Types of employees that we see in every office, without them, life would be too meaningless [online]. Available at: https://onedio.com/haber/her-ofiste-karsimiza-cikan-calisan-tipleri-482153 [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Author, n.d. Dystopia [photograph]. Available at: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/a0/7b/eb/a07bebadccd1b27df0cf657c2b2ca0e0.jpg [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Kyle Leung, 2018. Condos in Singapore: Would you live in these tiny apartments? [photograph]. Available at: https://www.99.co/blog/singapore/condos-in-singapore-tiny-apartments/ [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Hawksford, 2020. What makes the Singapore economy tick? [online]. Available at: https://www.guidemesingapore.com/business-guides/incorporation/why-singapore/singapore-economy---a-brief-introduction [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Human rights watch, 2019. Singapore Events of 2018 [online]. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/singapore [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Trisha Low, 2019. On the hypercapitalist utopian project of Singapore [online]. Available at: https://lithub.com/on-the-hypercapitalist-utopian-project-of-singapore/ [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
The Straits Times (29/7/14) Singapore’s no Utopia but still a good place to live in Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/singapores-no-utopia-but-still-a-good-place-to-live-in [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Nhb (2020) Community Heritage Series II: Wet Markets Available at: https://www.nhb.gov.sg/~/media/nhb/files/resources/publications/ebooks/nhb_ebook_wet_markets.pdf [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Ng Hui Wen & Prisca Ang, 2019. City Harvest Church founder Kong Hee released from jail: key facts about the multi-million-dollar case [online]. Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/city-harvest-case-heres-all-you-need-to-know [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Archify (2020) Djitsun Mall Bedok ,Singapore Available at: https://www.archify.com/sg/project/djitsun-mall-bedok-singapore [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Asian Journeys (23/8/2020) Numbers of People Entering Lucky Plaza to be limited Available at: https://asianjourneys.com.sg/23-Aug-2020/numbers-of-people-entering-lucky-plaza-and-peninsula-plaza-to-be-limited [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
CNBC (2020) Singapore Airlines drop ‘flight to nowhere’ idea but will let people eat in an A380 Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/02/singapore-airlines-drops-flight-to-nowhere-but-will-sell-onboard-meals.html [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Vulcan Post (2020) Resilient Budget: Why the govt is bailing out Singapore Airlines Available at: https://vulcanpost.com/693521/resilience-budget-singapore-airlines/#:~:text=Helping%20SIA%20And%20The%20Aviation%20Industry%20To%20Soar%20Again&text=Changi%20Air%20Hub%20is%20known,per%20cent%20of%20Singapore's%20GDP. (online research) [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Channel News Asia (21/8/2020) COVID-19: Lucky Plaza, Peninsula plaza to implement odd and even date entry restrictions on weekends Available at: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/covid-19-lucky-plaza-peninsula-plaza-crowded-entry-restriction-13042134 (online research) [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
The Straits Time (11/9/17) Getai: Not a lost act Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/not-a-lost-act [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
TodayOnline (2020) image Available at: https://www.todayonline.com/sites/default/files/styles/new_app_article_detail/public/photos/43_images/29223351.JPG?itok=qmIvAtjn [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Investopedia (28/4/2020) Free Market Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/freemarket.asp [Accessed: 10 November 2020]
Goodyfeed (2020) 10 facts about getai that sporeans should know about Available at: https://goodyfeed.com/10-facts-about-getai-that-sporeans-should-know-about/ [Accessed: 10 November 2020]